Functional Groups Associated With Many Biomolecules

Question 1

What are most biological molecules?

Answer 1

• They are organic molecules
• Primarily made up of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen
• Secondary elements include: nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus
• There are trace amounts of other elements

Question 2

What do most biomolecules consist of?

Answer 2

• A central carbon atom surrounded by hydrogen or specific functional groups

Question 3

What are functional groups?

Answer 3

• Small groups of atoms that alter the reactivity of biomolecules

Question 4

Functional Group - Hydroxyl

Answer 4

• Alcohol group
• Makes things very polar

Question 5

Hydroxyl - chemical formula

Answer 5

X-OH

Question 6

Hydroxyl - Structural formula

Answer 6

X-O-H

Question 7

Functional Group - Carboxyl

Answer 7

• Makes things acidic
• Creates carboxylic acids

Question 8

Carboxyl - Chemical formula

Answer 8

• X-COOH
• Cannot be written as CO2H

Question 9

Functional Group - Amino

Answer 9

• Makes very strong bonds, very electronegative

Question 10

Amino - Chemical Formula

Answer 10

X-NH2

Question 11

Functional Group - Sulfhydryl

Answer 11

• Creates very strong covalent bonds

Question 12

Sulfhydryl - Chemical Formula

Answer 12

X-SH

Question 13

Sulfhydryl – Structural Formula

Answer 13

X-S-H

Question 14

Functional Group - Phosphate

Answer 14

• Creates very strong high energy bonds
• Energy rich

Question 15

Phosphate - Chemical Formula

Answer 15

X-PO4
- This is a covalent bond
- Don’t show charges here when condensed

Question 16

Functional Group - Carbonyl

Answer 16

• 2 types
  
  1. Aldehydes
  2. Ketones
• These alter molecules in various ways

Question 17

Aldehyde - Chemical Structure

Answer 17

X-COH
- on ends of molecules

Question 18

Ketone - Chemical Structure

Answer 18

X-CO-X
- in the middle of molecules