Fundamental Knowledge

Question 1

4 Components of a Neuron

Answer 1

1. Dendrites
2. Axon
3. Presynaptic Terminal
4. Soma/Cell Body

Question 2

Structure: Receives infromation from other cells

Answer 2

Dendrite

Question 3

Structure: Carries output information to presynaptic terminal

Answer 3

Axon

Question 4

Structure: Trasmits infromtion to other cells via the release of NT

Answer 4

Presynaptic Terminals

Question 5

Structure: Location of NT production

Answer 5

Soma/Cell Body

Question 6

Neuron Type: Dendritic root and single axon

Answer 6

Bipolar

Question 7

Neuron Type: single projection from soma that divides into two axons

Answer 7

Bipolar Subclass: Pseudounipolar

Question 8

Defn: Peripheral axon

Answer 8

Carries information from the periphery to soma

Question 9

Defn: Central axon

Answer 9

Carries information from soma to spinal cord

Question 10

Neuron Type: Multiple dendrites with a single axon

Answer 10

Multipolar

Question 11

Term: Essential for transmission of information

Answer 11

Electrical Potentials

Question 12

Term: Required for maintaining and producing membrane potentials

Answer 12

Membrane Channels

Question 13

Channel Type:

• ALWAYS open
• Diffusion from high to low concentrations
• No energy required

Answer 13

Leak Channels

Question 14

Channel Type:

• Open in response to stimulus
• Close when stimulus removed

Answer 14

Gated Channel

Question 15

Channel Type:

• Open in response to specific SENSORY information i.e. mechanical force, temperature, chemical

Answer 15

Modality-Gated Channel

Question 16

Channel Type:

• Open in response to a NT

Answer 16

Ligand-Gated Channel

Question 17

Channel Type:

• Open in resonse to electrical potential
• Important for NT release and AP propagation

Answer 17

Voltage-Gated Channel

Question 18

Term: difference in electrical charge across the cell membrane at rest

Answer 18

Resting Membrane Potential

Question 19

Type of Potential:

• NO net flow of ions
• Excitable/Capable of producing change in ion flow
• Neg 70 mV

Answer 19

Resting Membrane Potential

Question 20

Structure: Maintains resting membrane potential by moving 3 Na OUT and 2 K IN

Answer 20

Na/K Pump

Question 21

3 Ways Resting Membrane Potential is Maintained

Answer 21

1. Na/K Pump
2. Intracellular Anions (too large to diffuse out)
3. Leak Channels (passive ion diffusion)

Question 22

Term: Change in resting potential resulting in the cell becoming excited and LESS negative

Answer 22

Depolarization

Question 23

Term: Change in resting potential resulting in inhibition and the cell becoming MORE negative

Answer 23

Hyperpolarization

Question 24

Type of Potential:

• Initial change in membrane potential that can be summed (AP can develop)
• Short distance
• Excitatory or Inhibitory
• Produced by modality/ligand-gated channels on the post-synaptic membrane

Answer 24

Local Potential

Question 25

Type of Potential - Larger in electrical potential - Depolarization repeatedly generated along axon length - All or none - Causes release of NT

Answer 25

Action Potential

Question 26

2 ways local potentials can be summed

Answer 26

1. Temporal 2. Spatial

Question 27

Term: Combined effect of local potentials occuring rapidly in step wise summation

Answer 27

Temporal Summation

Question 28

Term: Combined effec tof several small local potentials occurring at the same time

Answer 28

Spatial summation

Question 29

Degree of change in membrane potential required to initiate AP

Answer 29

~15 mV

Question 30

Term: No amount of stimulus will result in AP

Answer 30

Absolute Refractory Period

Question 31

Term: Stronger than usual stimulus will produce AP

Answer 31

Relative Refractory Period

Question 32

2 features that result in faster conduction

Answer 32

1. Large diameter 2. Myelination

Question 33

Term: Multiple inputs from several neurons termination on a single neuron

Answer 33

Convergence ex. Hearing; Vision; Touch --\> Sensory Association Area in Cortex

Question 34

Term: A single neuron bracnhes and synapses on muliple neurons

Answer 34

Divergence ex. Pinprick a Sensory Neurons --\> Motor Response; Conscious Pain; Unconscious Pain

Question 35

5 Functions of Glial Cells

Answer 35

1. Provide structure 2. Transmit Information 3. Involved in Neural Development 4. Repair s/p Brain Damage 5. Maintain Blood/Brain Barrier

Question 36

3 Types of Macroglial cells

Answer 36

1. Astrocytes (structure, regulate neural signaling, blood/brain barrier, development, recovery) 2. Oligodendrocytes (produce myelin in CNS) 3. Schwann cells (prodcue myelin in PNS, can take on astrocyte functions)

Question 37

Disease: Demyelination in the PNS, antibodies attack Schwann cells

Answer 37

Guillain-Barre

Question 38

Disease: Demyelination in the CNS, antibodies attack oligodendrocytes

Answer 38

Multiple Sclerosis

Question 39

Structure: - end of axon - releases NT

Answer 39

Presynaptic Terminal

Question 40

Structure: - Receiving cell - Contains receptors - Gland, mm cell, neuron

Answer 40

Post-synaptic Terminal

Question 41

Post-Synaptic Potential: - Depolarization - Summation can lead to AP - Na+ rushes in

Answer 41

Excitatory Post-Synaptic Potential (EPSP)

Question 42

Post-Synaptic Potential: - Hyperpolarization - Decreases chance of AP - Cl- rushes in

Answer 42

Inhibitory Post-Synaptic Potential (IPSP)

Question 43

Pre-Synaptic Influence 1. Pre-Synaptic Facilitation = 2. Pre-Synaptic Inhibition =

Answer 43

1. More NT released 2. Less NT released

Question 44

Most prevalent NT in the PNS

Answer 44

Achetylcholine

Question 45

2 Main Inhibitory Aminao Acids

Answer 45

1. GABA 2. Glycine

Question 46

Main Excitatory Amino Acid

Answer 46

Glutamate

Question 47

NT: Important in pain perception and modulation

Answer 47

Peptides