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PTRS 852 - Neuro PT I Midterm > Auditory and Vestibular Systems > Flashcards

Auditory and Vestibular Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Term: Sense of sound

A

Audition

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2
Q

Describe the stimulus for the auditory system

A

Pressurized sound waves of varying frequencies

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3
Q

Structure: From the pinna to the tympanic membrane

A

Outer ear

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4
Q

Structure: From the tympanic membrane through the stapes

A

Middle ear

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5
Q

Structure: Past the stapes and containng the cochlea

A

Inner ear

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6
Q

3 Middle ear bones

A
  1. Malleus
  2. Incus
  3. Stapes
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7
Q

Describe the movement of sound waves through the auditory system

A

Pinna collects sound wave

Sound funneled through external auditory canal

Vibrates tympanic membrane, inner ear bones, oval window

Vibrates fluid in cochlea

Fluid moves and stimulates hair cells

Responses picked up by cochlear nerve

Travels to the cortex

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8
Q

Structure: Contains receptors that recieve sound

A

Organ of Corti

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9
Q

Describe the function of the partition between the perilymph and enodlymph of the cochlea

A

The parition forces fluid to move in one direction allowing for continuous sound reception

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10
Q

Describe the structure of the organ of corti

A

3 outter hair cells are attached to the inner hair cells. The outer hair cells fine tune the inner hair cell which transmits sound

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11
Q

Describe the function of the tectorial membrane

A

The tectorial membrane is pushed down by the fluid in the cochlea to stimulate the hair cells within the organ of corti

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12
Q

Describe how a hair cell is depolarized

A

Hair cells have cilia attached by tipplings. The direction of cilia movement determines if the signal is inhibitory or excitatory. As the cilia move/vibrate the tipplings are pulled opening K+ channels. Opening of the K+ channels depolarizes the hair cells letting Ca+ rush in. Neurotransmitters in vesicles then move to the membrane and are released stimulating the postsynaptic cell

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13
Q

Describe the arrangement of sound reception within the cochlea

A

Tonotopic arrangement

  • higher frequencies at the base
  • lower frequencies at the apex

ALL frequencies DO NOT stimulate every single hair cells.

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14
Q

3 functions of the auditory system in the CNS

A
  1. Activating effect of sound (will wake you up)
  2. Orienting effect (will move head and eyes to sound)
  3. Recognition of sound
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15
Q

Pathway: Connection to auditory system increases awareness

A

Reticular formation

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16
Q

Pathway: Connection to auditory system processes information from both ears allows you to determine where the sound is coming from

A

Inferior colliculus

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17
Q

Pathway: Connection to the auditory system moves your head and eyes toward sound

A

Superior colliculus

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18
Q

Pathway: Connection to the auditory system that relays information to the primary auditory cortex

A

Medial geniculate body

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19
Q

Cortical area: Comprehension of sound

A

Wernicke’s area

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20
Q

Condition: middle ear bones don’t move well, would NOT benefit from a cochlear implant

A

Otosclerosis

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21
Q

Condition: Common in children, middle ear infection

A

Otitis media

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22
Q

Condition: Hearing sound without stimulus to the auditory system

A

Tinnitus

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23
Q

Condition: Loss of hearing due to pressure on the nerves, may be due to a benign tumor

A

Acoustic Neruoma

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24
Q

How would you discriminate between and inner ear condition and a cochlear condition?

A

Use of tuning fork and place it on the mastoid process

Can hear = middle ear problem

Can’t hear = cochlear problem

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25
Q

Describe the cause of age related hearing loss

A

There is a loss of hair cells/receptors

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26
Q

Acronymn: BPPV

A

Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo

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27
Q

Top 3 complains to PCP

A
  1. Chest pain
  2. Fatigue
  3. Dizziness
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28
Q

3 Systems that work together for Balance

A
  1. Vestibular
  2. Vision
  3. Somatosensory
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29
Q

Location: Vestibular

  1. Peripheral sensory appartatus
  2. Central processing system
  3. Motor system
A
  1. Inner ear
  2. Vestibular nuclei in brainstem
  3. Ocular/Skeletal muscle
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30
Q

Structure: Provides sensory input about both agnulgar and linear acceleration

A

(Vestibular) peripheral sensory apparatus

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31
Q

Structure: Oreitns the head with respect to gravity

A

(Vestibular) peripheral sensory apparatus

32
Q

Structure: Somatosensory and visual cues with connections to the reticular formation, cortex, and direction connections to the cerebellum

A

(Vestibular) Central processing system

33
Q

Describe the structure of the vestibular peripheral sensory apparatus

A

Consists of 3 semi-circular canals containing fluid and lined with hair cells. Stimulation of this system gives you information about the position of your head

34
Q

2 Vestibular peripheral sensory apparatus structures that detect linear movement/acceleration and gravity

A

Utricle and Saccule

35
Q

3 Vestibular peripheral sensory apparatus structures that detect angular movement (yaw, pitch, roll)

A

Anterior, Posterior, Lateral Semi-Circular Canal

36
Q

Describe the push pull system within the vestibular peripheral sensory apparatus

A

Relates to the peripheral sensory apparatus working in tandem to make the system more sensitive

Ex. When you turn your head to the right, the right horizontal canal is stimulated and the left horizontal canal is inhibited

Ex. Bending down right anterior is stimulated and left posterior is inhibited. The same is turn for the left anterior/right posterior relationship

37
Q

Describe how hair cells in the vestibular peripheral sensory apparatus are

  1. Stimulated
  2. Inhibitied
A
  1. Fluid moves toward the hair cell
  2. Fluid moves away from the hair cell
38
Q

Term: Rotation

39
Q

Term: Up and down

40
Q

Term: Side bend

41
Q

Describe how the horizontal canal is oriented

A

It sits at 30 degrees

42
Q

Structure: Biological sensor which converts head motion to neural firing present in the ampulla and otolith organs

43
Q

Describe the “window” into the vestibular system

A

The eyes, each canal has its own unique eye movement

44
Q

2 Otolith organs and their orientation

A
  1. Utricle - horizontal plane (stimulated with sideways motion)
  2. Saccule - vertical plane (stimulated with up/down movement)
45
Q

Purpuse of the information from otolith organs

A

Balance control

46
Q

Describe the macula and the purpose of otoconia

A

Hair cells covered by a gelatinous substance with otoconia on top

The otoconia are senstive to gravity, get sheared along the gel with movement and that information is transferred to the hair cells

in BPPV the otoconia are disloged and moved to the semicircular canals disrupting the flow of fluid

47
Q

2 Structures that provide information to postural muscles

A

Utricle and saccule

48
Q

Structures for maintaining a stable gaze

A

Semicircular canals

49
Q

2 Functions of the Vestibular system

A
  1. Maintain steady gaze
  2. Postural balance
50
Q

Describe the firing rate of the central processing system at rest and with movement

A

There is a baseline firing rate that is symmetrical at rest

With movement the stimulated side increases its firing rate while the inhibited side decreases its firing rate resulting in balanced input to the CNS

51
Q

Central Vestibular System: Describe the function of the following structures

  1. Flocculondular lob of cerebellum
  2. Inferior/Superior Vestibular Nuclei
  3. Vestibulospinal tracts
  4. Vestibulocolic pathways
  5. Vestibuloautonomic pathways
A
  1. move eye amount needed to maintain gaze
  2. MLF, CN III, IV, VI
  3. UE/head position
  4. Innervate the trap/SCM, turn/right the head
  5. Sweat/throw up
52
Q

Defn: Vestibulo-ocular reflex

A

Stabilizes eyes when head moves

53
Q

Defn: Vestibulo-spinal reflex

A

Balance control

54
Q

Tract: Connection between vestibular system and stability muscles of the torso and LE (below neck)

A

Lateral vestibulospinal tract

55
Q

Tract: Head position

A

Medial vestibulospinal tract

56
Q

Reflex: Large perceptive field, slower to activate

A

Otokinetic reflex

57
Q

Condition: Results from a deficit in the vestibulo-ocular relfex causing unmaintained gaze while walking/running/etc.

A

Oscillopsia

58
Q

Defn: VOR Gain

A

As the head moves in one direction the eyes moves in the opposite direction with equal velocity

VOR Gain = Eye velocity/head velocity

1 is normal

59
Q

Describe the system responsible for maintaining gaze stability at > 60 deg/sec

A

Vestibular

60
Q

Describe the system responsible for maintaining gaze stability at < 60 deg/sec

A

CNS - smooth pursuit

61
Q

Condition: Difference between sides in the tonic firing rate within the vestibular nuclei

62
Q

Term: More than 1 or 2 movements to look from point A to point B

63
Q

Describe how a disruption in th vestibular system manifests via eye movement

A

The eye movement that would indicate a vestibular problem would be saccades

64
Q

Describe the direction of the saccade in relationship to the affected side

A

Nystagmus is named for the direction of the eye movement

The slow phase is driven by the ears while the fast phase is driven by the CNS

If the the lesion is defict causing, the nystamus will beat to the opposite side or AWAY from the lesion

If the lesion is irritative the nystamus will beat to the same side or TOWARD the lesion

65
Q

7 Non-vestibular causes of dizziness

A
  1. Disuse equilibrium
  2. Orthostatic hypotension
  3. TIA
  4. Panic attacks
  5. Migraines
  6. Diabetes
  7. Concussions
66
Q

Condition:

  • Usually unilateral
  • Sx with change of head position
  • Debris in inner ear
67
Q

Disrupted canal that matches the following nystagmus

  1. Horizontal
  2. Upbeats with torsion
A
  1. Lateral semi-circular canal
  2. Posterior semi-circular canal
68
Q

Condition: Acute inflammation of the vestibular nerve

A

Vestibular neuritis

69
Q

Condition: Bacterial infection of the labrinth causing hearing loss

A

Vestibular labyrinthitis

70
Q

Condition: Separation of the middle ear from the inne ear typically as a result of head trauma, penetrating injury, or vigorous straining

A

Perilymphatic fistula

71
Q

Condition

  • 40-60 yo
  • Malabsorption of endolymph
  • Hearing loss and vertigo
  • Attack resolves in 48-72 hours
A

Meniere’s Disease

72
Q

Condition: Severe balance loss without accompanying dizziness due to ototoxicity

A

Bilateral vestibular loss

73
Q

Describe the appearance of central nystagmus

A

Unlike peripheral nystagmus which will have a consistent direction/beat, central nystagmus will have no pattern/keep changing directions

74
Q

Condition: The sensation you’re still moving after spending extended time on a boat

A

Mal de Debarquement Syndrome

75
Q

Describe the catch 22 with vertigo medications

A

Most suppress the vestibular system with can affect your balance while helping your dizziness

PTRS 852 - Neuro PT I Midterm (15 decks)

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