functional food lecture 15

Question 1

Common structure of a polyphenol

Answer 1

Aromatic ring with at least 1 hydroxyl group

Question 2

polyphenols and health

Answer 2

Antioxidant
anti-cancer
anti-inflammatory
reduction in CVD
glucose metabolism
neuroprotective effects

Question 3

polyphenol intakes ireland

Answer 3

Irish adults: 548mg/d (Tea & coffee)
Teens: 370mg/d (tea & coffee)
Children: 276mg/d (apple juice & tea)

Question 4

Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG)

Answer 4

Green tea rich in polyphenols
major components of green tea polyphenols are flavanols of which EGCG forms more that 50% of all green tea flavanols
EGCG has loads of health benefits

Question 5

polyphenols and anti-oxidant

Answer 5

oxidative stree results in excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS).
Inhibition of the normal cell cycle, and apoptosis inducing elements can lead to irregular cell division through DNA damage.
Polyphenols can bind to ROS and inhibit the enzyme production which may result in tumour formation

Question 6

polyphenols and anti-cancer

Answer 6

EGCG beneficial effect on tumours, may be an alternative to chemo as it doesnt affect cell proliferation.
can induce apoptosis in cells

Question 7

EFSA and olive oil polyphenols

Answer 7

contribute to the protection of blood lipids from oxidative stress
only used for olive oil containing at least 5mg of hydroxytyrosol and its derivatives per 20g of olive oil.

Question 8

carotenoids

Answer 8

Vitamin A- retinal, retinol, retinoic acid, B-carotene
most vitamin A stored in the liver

Question 9

preformed and proformed vitamin A

Answer 9

Preformed(active)= retinoids (retinol, retinal, retinoic acid) - animal products

Pro-formed(precursor)= carotenoids - plants

Question 10

Food sources polyphenols

Answer 10

Beta-carotene= carrots, sweet potatoes, spinach
Lycopene= tomatoes
Lutein & zeaxanthin: kale, spinach broccoli
Beta-cryptoxanthin= citrus
Astaxanthin= salmon, trout, lobster, prawn

Question 11

Uses in industry

Answer 11

carotenoids= used in pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals and animal feed additives as well as colorants in cosmetics and foods

strong antioxidants when added to foods.

Endogenous carotenoids are stable. as food additives carotenoids are unstable in food systems as they are sensitive to light O2 and auto-oxidation

Question 12

Lycopene

Answer 12

-Potent antioxidant that could protect damaging effects of ROS and other free radicals
-lycopene is chemically a carotene but has no vitamin A activity
-Average lycopene intake has been estimated to be ~5.2mg/d with an upper intake of 123mg/d