functional food lecture 13

Question 1

host-microbe metabolic axis

Answer 1

multidirectional communication system between the host cellular pathways and various microbial species

Question 2

gut-brain axis

Answer 2

bidirectional communication, whereby each has the ability to affect the function of the other via neural, immune, endocrine or humoral links

Question 3

gut-heart axis

Answer 3

bidirectional communication network

Question 4

gut-liver axis

Answer 4

alcohol alone not to be blamed for degenerating liver

Question 5

gut-kidney axis

Answer 5

regulating levels of waste products in the body

Question 6

gut-skin axis

Answer 6

defines the significance of gut health for glowing skin

Question 7

gut- bone axis

Answer 7

microbial metabolites and bone health

Question 8

gut-adipose axis

Answer 8

gut microbiome and energy balance

Question 9

Gut-brain axis mechanisms

Answer 9

-modulation of immune system (cytokines)
-hypothalmic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis (endocrine system)
-tryptophan metabolism
-bacterial metabolites (neurotransmitters, SCFAs)
-via the vagus nerve (neural system)

Question 10

Microbiome has also been shown to regulate physical development of the brain:

Answer 10

-hypermyelination of prefrontal cortex neurons
-dendrites of neurons in amygdala and hippocampus

Question 11

what is a psychobiotic

Answer 11

any substance that exerts a microbiome-mediated psychological effect

Question 12

what does peripheral cytokine production trigger

Answer 12

the vagal anti-inflammatory reflex leading to production of acetylcholine preventing tissue damage by excessive cytokine release

Question 13

what probiotic was trialled for an 8 week intervention for anxiety

Answer 13

Bifidobacterium longum/ lactis and lactobacillus acidophillus