functional food lecture 12

Question 1

What is epigenetics

Answer 1

The study of how your behaviours and the environment can affect the way your genes work

Question 2

What is colorectal cancer characterised by

Answer 2

• genetic and epigenetic alterations
• inflammatory cell infiltration among malignant cells

Question 3

why is IBD a risk factor for colorectal cancer

Answer 3

Development of initial lesions in the lining of the colon. if not treated can evolve in the deeper muscular layers throughout the intestinal wall, culminating in the development of CRC

Question 4

What is GIT organisation based on

Answer 4

The presence of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognize characteristics of pathogens and the toll-like receptors that are involved in inflammatory signalling

Question 5

What is dysbiosis influenced by

Answer 5

Inappropriate eating habits such as
- excessive consumption of fast and fried foods
- excessive salt, saturated fat, red meat, and sugary beverages.
- low fibre intake

Question 6

Name 2 pro-inflammatory molecules

Answer 6

Cytokines, interleukins

Question 7

People are more susceptible to develop CRC if they have increase intake of what?

Answer 7

Heterocyclic amines (HCAs)
They are carcinogenic and mutagenic chemicals formed from cooking muscle meats such as beef, pork, fowl, and fish
HCAs form when AAs and creatine react at high cooking temps and are formed in greater quantities when meats are overcooked or blackened.

Question 8

What are the most common phyla in the gut microbiome?

Answer 8

Firmicutes and Bacteroides
- Actinobacteria and proteobacteria

Question 9

Development of CRC is attributed to the proliferation of?

Answer 9

-Helicobacter pylori
-streptococcus gallolyticus
-enterococcus faecalis
-clostridium septicum

Question 10

What does butyrate serve as in relation to CRC

Answer 10

Energy source for colonocytes, suppressing proliferation and enhanced apoptosis to eliminate damaged cells that otherwise might progress to malignant cells

Question 11

What do inulin-type fructans do in relation to CRC

Answer 11

increase bifidogenic effect, lowered pH and modulated immunity affecting tumours

Question 12

Synbiotics and CRC

Answer 12

• facilitating apoptotic response to carcinogen-induced DNA damage in the colon
  -Enhancing colonisation, stimulate growth, survival and activity of probiotics in the presence of selective prebiotic substrate
  -Increase SCFA production
• Immunomodulation
• Modification of colonic bacterial ecosystem

Question 13

Look functional foods and crc slide 17