Function of Cerebellum-Basal Ganglia

Question 1

Cerebellum predicts

Answer 1

neural signals that produce and adjust reflexes and motor commands.

Question 2

BG predicts inputs that produce

Answer 2

positive biological value (often nutrients) or inputs that satisfy biological needs

Question 3

Feedback controller

Answer 3

simple system in which the environment must first change and then the controller can elicit a change to compensate.

Slow and often will overcompensate when you attempt to speed it up.

Question 4

Feedback controller example

Answer 4

1. A thermostat that can turn on a heater or a cooler to keep the room at a steady temperature.
2. If there is a decrease in temperature, it turns on the heater.
3. However, the time and sense delay cause it to overshoot and need to turn on the cooler.
4. This cycle continues

Question 5

Feedforward controller

Answer 5

using sensory data to calculate a state that is coming at some future time, the predicted state.

Senses variables that allow it to make contingency plans

Question 6

Feedforward controller example

Answer 6

1. A thermostat that can turn on a heater or a cooler to keep the room at a steady temperature.
2. This smart controller can sense variables like the window opening, how much it opens, the outside temp, and PREDICT the change in room temp.
3. The system activates the heater pre-emptively to counteract the temp drop and maintain a stable target value with minimal energy waste.

Question 7

Difference between Feedback and Feedforward control

Answer 7

1. Feedback purely REACTS to a change, it has no thought process of predicting what might happen
2. Feedforward controller actually makes contingency plans and plans ahead!

Question 8

Parietal cortex function

Answer 8

matches joint position sense with visual coordinates for reaching motion

Question 9

how does parietal cortex work?

Answer 9

1. stream of info for ‘where’ advances dorsally from occipital cortex into parietal lobe
2. parietal association cortex
3. Then, it integrates info about the target (limb position) and somatosensory info about limb position.
4. Integrated info is fed to motor cortices in frontal lobe to guide movement of limb to target.

Question 10

parietal association cortex is located

Answer 10

specifically around the intraparietal sulcus. This area can calculate the difference between the target location and joint angles necessary.

Question 11

Broadmann’s area 6:

Answer 11

Calculates the difference between the current location and the desired location so that a command can be issued for the proper joint angles changes to get to that desired location.

These are issued to PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX

Question 12

parietal association cortices conveys information to

Answer 12

premotor cortices. Broadmann 6

Question 13

cerebellum error signal

Answer 13

ION neurons

Question 14

cerebellum return projection

Answer 14

1. comes to ION neurons directly from deep cerebellar nuclei or indirectly through red nucleus.
2. Carries a prediction signal so the ION neurons can compute error between prediction and inputs that actually occur

Question 15

cerebellum: what conveys the prediction

Answer 15

GABAergic inhibitory neurons through deep cerebellar nuclei to IO

Question 16

cerebellum: critic of the

Answer 16

parallel-purkinje network

Question 17

basal ganglia error signal

Answer 17

dopaminergic neurons

Question 18

basal ganglia: return projection

Answer 18

comes to DA neurons from small groups of striatal medium spiny neurons in striosomes.

Carries a prediction signal so the DA neurons can compute the error between the prediction and inputs that actually occur.

Question 19

BG: what conveys the prediction?

Answer 19

GABAergic inhibitory neurons through the striosome to SNc.

Question 20

BG: critic of the

Answer 20

cortico-striatal network