Fuck Brainscape, this is the real one Flashcards
black market
illegal community of traders and merchants who move looted and stolen antiquities
repatriation
Demanding back an artifact that was taken from its country of origin
archeotourism
Archeology bringing more tourists than people who are interested in preserving or studying them
pseudoarchaeologist
non-certified or fraudelent archaeologists who incorrectly or do not use the scientific method to support their claims
pop/public archaeology
opening up archaeology to the lay people and for entertainment; opening up sites and sharing of knowledge, contraversial
biological anthropology
the study of human origins through genetics and evolution and biology
theory
a well substantiated explanation of certain natural phenomena. Repeatedly tested through scientifc method and experiments
Last Common Ancestor
Ancestor from which we diverged from a different species. Last common ancestor of humans from other apes is 18 million years ago
paleoanthropology
the study of human origins and ancestors through the analysis of human remains
Andeans and sherpas
high altitude populations have genetically adapted to their environment. Andeans and Tibetan sherpas cary genes that allows them larger lungs and higher blood oxygen saturation.
anthropology
study of humanity from its origins to it current cultural diversity today
societies
populations of people living in organized groups with social institutions and expectations of behavior
culture
the complex whole which includes belief, art, laws, morals, and customs
symbolic culture
ideas that people hold about themselves others and the world
worldview
an all encompassing perspective a person has about the way the world works and it affects their beliefs about everything
material culture
physical objects representative of the culture
culture shock
disoriented feeling and alienating feeling when a person experiences wildly different social norms
comparative perspective
comparing cultures from around the world and documenting cultural universals and cultural uniquensss.
evolutionism/social darwinism
debunked. Human differences can be accounted for by different rates of progress. The superior in society would triumph
empiricism
theories must be based on direct interaction, observation, and objective description.
functionalism
cultural traits have social functions that allow for smooth functioning of society
materialists
the factors of cultural diversity are environment, technology, and means of producing food.
cultural ecology
environment affects culture
cultural materialism
economics affects culture
structuralism
cultural diversity can be explained by the myths and overarching structures from when the society was founded. Heavy emphasis on myths and narratives
interpretive perspective
Heavy emphasis on meanings and symbolisms that explains cultural diversity is the result of the complex web of connections and meanings found within the society.
conflict perspectives
focuses on how conflict shapes society and identities
reflexive perspectives
term to desctribe when anthropologists debate the nature of anthropological research
cultural knowledge
information that enables a person to be a functioning member of society. Allows people to contribute
Important Examples of Cultural Knowledge
Sami (Norway) -Raise reindeer, shelter in the snow, gather food during the winter, how to negotiate with the modern state of Norway
Tuareg(Sahara)-How to navigate the Sahara, how to barter with traders in the ports, raise camels, avoid landmines from previous wars, how to negotiate with the government
cultural models
ideal cultural worldview within a society that is reinforced by social norms
hegemony
the dominant worldview or ideology within a society. Considered the norm
subculture
Group whose members identify their way of life as being different than the hegemonic view
enculturation
the process of learning one’s culture through informal observation and formal instruction
taboo
prohibition against something that is either too dangerous or too sacred for an ordinary person to interact with
cultural adaptation
when people adapt to their environments and adaptations. Some adaptations are maladaptive, like Kuru and their cannibalism + getting mad cow disease
cultural integration
the tendency for people’s beliefs and practices to form a cohesive/coherent system
semiotics
the study of symbols and signs
naturalized concepts
beliefs and attitudes that are so embedded that they are hardly questioned and seen as natural
culture war
disagreements within two groups in the same society on how things ought to be
countercultural movement
an alternative to the prevailing cultural model. These movements argue against the hegemony and advocates for change
cultural contact
direct interaction between peoples of different cultures through migration, trade, globalization, invasion, trade, etc.
syncretism
process of creating a new cultural product from taking a piece from another culture and integrating it with their own
assimilation
when a minority group is accepted into the hegemonic population and the minority group willingly accepts the values, norms, and behaviors of the hegemonic group
acculturation
process by which a minority group of people adjusts with living in a society with a culture different than their own but keeps their own cultural identity
cultural pluralism aka multiculturalism
the viewpoint that distinct cultures can exist separately and harmoniously while sharing equally in social and economic life
cultural evolution
believed that primitive cultures evolved into more advanced cultures
cultural history
ongoing cultural change in which people adapt to their environment
ethnogenesis
the ongoing process by which people develop, direct. and define their own cultural practices and identities
inventions
new technologies and systems of knowledge
innovation
process by which new tech or systems of knowledge are built on
revolution
the process of changing culture and the social order via overturning norms and installing a new system
diffusion
the spread of ideas and objects through contact from other cultures
L=language
communication that involves symbols, displacement, and productivity.
describe symbols, displacement, and productivity
symbol- relating certain sounds with meanings
displacement- the ability to communicate about something that is not happening right now
productivity - the ability to combine and create words and sounds into various endless combinations
emblems
gestures that are substituted for spoken words
semantics
study of meaning behind languages
ethnosemantics
the study of culture through the people’s use of language and meaning conveyance; how they categorize and clarify people, objects, ideas and etc.
intercultural communication
the process of transferring meaning to and from people of different languages and/or cultures
cultural presuppositions
the shared knowledge and implicit assumptions that members of a society adhere to
gendered terminology
when otherwise arbitrary words denote a gender like masculine or feminine words such as bachelor’s degree
dialect
a version of the same language spoken by a particular group of people based on race, class, gender, region and etc.
