Fuck Brainscape, this is the real one Flashcards
black market
illegal community of traders and merchants who move looted and stolen antiquities
repatriation
Demanding back an artifact that was taken from its country of origin
archeotourism
Archeology bringing more tourists than people who are interested in preserving or studying them
pseudoarchaeologist
non-certified or fraudelent archaeologists who incorrectly or do not use the scientific method to support their claims
pop/public archaeology
opening up archaeology to the lay people and for entertainment; opening up sites and sharing of knowledge, contraversial
biological anthropology
the study of human origins through genetics and evolution and biology
theory
a well substantiated explanation of certain natural phenomena. Repeatedly tested through scientifc method and experiments
Last Common Ancestor
Ancestor from which we diverged from a different species. Last common ancestor of humans from other apes is 18 million years ago
paleoanthropology
the study of human origins and ancestors through the analysis of human remains
Andeans and sherpas
high altitude populations have genetically adapted to their environment. Andeans and Tibetan sherpas cary genes that allows them larger lungs and higher blood oxygen saturation.
anthropology
study of humanity from its origins to it current cultural diversity today
societies
populations of people living in organized groups with social institutions and expectations of behavior
culture
the complex whole which includes belief, art, laws, morals, and customs
symbolic culture
ideas that people hold about themselves others and the world
worldview
an all encompassing perspective a person has about the way the world works and it affects their beliefs about everything
material culture
physical objects representative of the culture
culture shock
disoriented feeling and alienating feeling when a person experiences wildly different social norms
comparative perspective
comparing cultures from around the world and documenting cultural universals and cultural uniquensss.
evolutionism/social darwinism
debunked. Human differences can be accounted for by different rates of progress. The superior in society would triumph
empiricism
theories must be based on direct interaction, observation, and objective description.
functionalism
cultural traits have social functions that allow for smooth functioning of society
materialists
the factors of cultural diversity are environment, technology, and means of producing food.
cultural ecology
environment affects culture
cultural materialism
economics affects culture
structuralism
cultural diversity can be explained by the myths and overarching structures from when the society was founded. Heavy emphasis on myths and narratives
interpretive perspective
Heavy emphasis on meanings and symbolisms that explains cultural diversity is the result of the complex web of connections and meanings found within the society.
conflict perspectives
focuses on how conflict shapes society and identities
reflexive perspectives
term to desctribe when anthropologists debate the nature of anthropological research
cultural knowledge
information that enables a person to be a functioning member of society. Allows people to contribute
Important Examples of Cultural Knowledge
Sami (Norway) -Raise reindeer, shelter in the snow, gather food during the winter, how to negotiate with the modern state of Norway
Tuareg(Sahara)-How to navigate the Sahara, how to barter with traders in the ports, raise camels, avoid landmines from previous wars, how to negotiate with the government
cultural models
ideal cultural worldview within a society that is reinforced by social norms
hegemony
the dominant worldview or ideology within a society. Considered the norm
subculture
Group whose members identify their way of life as being different than the hegemonic view
enculturation
the process of learning one’s culture through informal observation and formal instruction
taboo
prohibition against something that is either too dangerous or too sacred for an ordinary person to interact with
cultural adaptation
when people adapt to their environments and adaptations. Some adaptations are maladaptive, like Kuru and their cannibalism + getting mad cow disease
cultural integration
the tendency for people’s beliefs and practices to form a cohesive/coherent system
semiotics
the study of symbols and signs
naturalized concepts
beliefs and attitudes that are so embedded that they are hardly questioned and seen as natural
culture war
disagreements within two groups in the same society on how things ought to be
countercultural movement
an alternative to the prevailing cultural model. These movements argue against the hegemony and advocates for change
cultural contact
direct interaction between peoples of different cultures through migration, trade, globalization, invasion, trade, etc.
syncretism
process of creating a new cultural product from taking a piece from another culture and integrating it with their own
assimilation
when a minority group is accepted into the hegemonic population and the minority group willingly accepts the values, norms, and behaviors of the hegemonic group
acculturation
process by which a minority group of people adjusts with living in a society with a culture different than their own but keeps their own cultural identity
cultural pluralism aka multiculturalism
the viewpoint that distinct cultures can exist separately and harmoniously while sharing equally in social and economic life
cultural evolution
believed that primitive cultures evolved into more advanced cultures
cultural history
ongoing cultural change in which people adapt to their environment
ethnogenesis
the ongoing process by which people develop, direct. and define their own cultural practices and identities
inventions
new technologies and systems of knowledge
innovation
process by which new tech or systems of knowledge are built on
revolution
the process of changing culture and the social order via overturning norms and installing a new system
diffusion
the spread of ideas and objects through contact from other cultures
L=language
communication that involves symbols, displacement, and productivity.
describe symbols, displacement, and productivity
symbol- relating certain sounds with meanings
displacement- the ability to communicate about something that is not happening right now
productivity - the ability to combine and create words and sounds into various endless combinations
emblems
gestures that are substituted for spoken words
semantics
study of meaning behind languages
ethnosemantics
the study of culture through the people’s use of language and meaning conveyance; how they categorize and clarify people, objects, ideas and etc.
intercultural communication
the process of transferring meaning to and from people of different languages and/or cultures
cultural presuppositions
the shared knowledge and implicit assumptions that members of a society adhere to
gendered terminology
when otherwise arbitrary words denote a gender like masculine or feminine words such as bachelor’s degree
dialect
a version of the same language spoken by a particular group of people based on race, class, gender, region and etc.
jargon
specialized terms used by people in particular profession or share a particular interest
pidgins
chicken scratch languages that aren’t far along in their development and don’t have much language rules and borrow many words from various languages
creole
languages that develop over a long period of time through the process of combining language and grammar from various languages
lingua franca
language not native to a group but they use it to be able to easily communicate and interact with the broader environment
loanwords
words borrowed from other languages
language families
families that belong to the same ancestral language
cognates
words that sound similar to the same language family
sapir-wharf hypothesis
the way we talk about language shapes the way view, think, and interact with the world
what are the three colors that are universally named
black white and red
what is the only tribe that has no name for color
the Piraha tribe
social birth
the event that formally acknowledges you as a person; most preindustrial societies don’t acknowledge a person until they are at least two years old
life boat ethics
used as an example from women in rural Brazil. Not everyone can survive so some kids inevitably have to die/
playing
play is semi-structured recreational activities that help children learn basic to advanced skills
folklore
texts that describe traditional stories often involving cultural heroes and characters that are passed down from generation to generation
story tellers
all societies have story tellers
status
position one occupies in a group
gender identity
it is the conception a person has about their roles as a man or a woman
rites of passage
rituals or event that marks a transition to a different stage of life
initiation rites
marks a person’s transition from a lower status to a higher status
psychological anthropology
subfield that focuses on motivations for behaviors, common personality types within the society, and how they mental disorders
social identity
the performing self that manages actions and appearance with a drip or in public
self identity
how conceptailizes oneself. Personal sense of self
individualist societies
societies that emphasizes each person as a unique entity
communalist societies
the individual is less important and works for the betterment of the group
culture specific mental disorders
psychological illness that occurs with more frequency in certain societies. Amok in Indonesia. Bulemia for the United States
psychotropic anthropology
anthropologists using drugs to get a better understanding of a culture and gain trust
economic anthropology
focuses on substenance strategies and economic systems
human subsistence patterns
ways people obtain food using available resources
subsistance level
most of the world lives at the substance level
foragers
hunter gatherers
pastoralism
food and subsistence patterns are dependent on animals and selling their produce or meat
nomads
those who have no permanent dwelling
transhumance
when pastoralists move no new pastures on a seasonal basis
sedentism
settlement in one location permanently as a result of surplus
horticulture
working with natural processes to help raise crops that were already there or placed their with little technological input.
generalized reciprocity
no concrete set of rules, no keeping score, no set values, just expectation of return
balanced reciprocity
tit for tat with great expectation of equal return
negative reciprocity
uneven or one sided transaction
potlatch
kwakiutl and other pnw first peoples. high status individuals are given stuff and the wealth is redistributed
post colonialism
the continuing influence of the west in their former colonial territories
neo colonialism
the economic means of controlling a country similar to colonialism
kinship system
set of organizational rules that outline who your relatives are and the nature of you relationship with them
consanguine
relatives by blood
affines
your relatives by marriage
fictive kin
relatives that are not related to you by blood but are still treated as family regardless
rules of descent
rules on how the next generation is supposed to treat the former
bilateral descent
when offspring identify as being descended from both his/her mother and father and their kin
unilineal descent
when you identify as on one gender’s parental lineage
patrilineal descent
when you are descended from the father and the grandfather and etc
matrilineal descent
when you are descended from your mother and grandmother and etc.
inheritance rules
how wealth and property is passed down from one generation to the next
Trobriand Islanders
example of inheritance rules. The male passes it down to his sister’s kids because they are unsure if their own wife’s kids are theirs
double descent
when you differentiate between matrilineal and patrilineal descent and follow both rules accordingly
parallel descent
when you follow the descent of only your own gender. Men follow the patrilineal descent and women follow the matrilineal descent
ambilineal descent
when you choose any lineage connected to you and can shift over time when advantageous
exogamy
you cannot marry someone of your own lineage or group
endogamy
when you are to marry someone of your own group with the exception of your immediate family
cousin marriages
the most common practice of endogamy
parallel cousin
marrying the cousin of the parents same gender sibling s children. Marrying your mom’s sister’s kid or your father’s brother’s kid
cross-cousin
just the opposite gender sibling of your mother and father. you marry their kids
matriclans
obtain new members through their women. Moving to the woman’ village and raising their children there
patriclans
obtain new members through their men by moving the husbands’ village and raising their children there
segmentary theory
the tendency to band together when facing all encompassing threats or issues
polyamory
relationship between three or more individuals. considered equal partners
polygyny
when the male has multiple spouses
soroorial polygyny
when the male is husband to sisters
polyandry
when the wife has multiple husbands
brideprice
the wealth paid by the groom’s family in exchange for her reproductive abilities
dowry
wealth brought by the bride into the marriage to protect her financial interests
brideservice/groomservice
periods of rerequired labor by the parents of th spouse before or after marriage
arranged marriages
preset by the kin of the couple, they demonstrate the importance of social connections and social contracts
patrifocal
societies where the families are headed by males
matrifocal
societies where the families are headed by the females
patrilocal
societies where the family lives with the family of the husband. Lives with the male lineage of the family
matrilocal
societies where families move in with the matrilineal descent
neolocal
starting a new home somewhere new
levirate
societies where a man dies, his brother must marry his widow and to keep his children and property within the patrilineage
sororate societies
when a woman dies, her younger sister marries the widow to maintain ties between the families
gender constructs
set of assumptions about the roles, attitudes, and beliefs for each gender
sexual dimorphism
the physiological and anatomical differences between the sexes
third genders
genders completely outside the binary; hijras and two-spirits
fetishism
man made object imbued with special qualities or supernatural properties
fetishize
to fetishize something means to give it special clout over human beings
examples of fetishizing
south korean plastic surgery; foot binding; neck stretching in thailand or myanmar;
hymenorrhaphy
hymen repair surgery
virginity
quality of not having sex. Theorized to be important because it limits uncertainty about property inheritance
honor killings
killing someone who is percieved to have brought shame to the group
dowry death
when a young women is killed or commits suicide when she fails to produce children and live up to the worth of her dowry. comes usually in the form of bride burning
female genital mutilation
cutting of of the clitoris and the labia and usually involves some form of sewing the vagina shut.
menstruation
considered unclean in abrahamic faiths and considered powerful by eastern religions
menstruation huts
huts where women gather apart from their responsibilities to menstruate for 7 days
gender roles
rights, duties, attitudes and etc. typically associated with each gender
gender relations
norms of interection between genders
gender gap
differences in wages, incomes, and wealth earned
cult of domesticity
argument that women are better suited for domestic tasks of nurturing children and performing house work
