Chapter 13: Conflict

Question 1

positive sanctions

Answer 1

Recognition and rewards for observing social norms

Question 2

negative sanctions

Answer 2

punishments for offending social norms

Question 3

informal sanctions

Answer 3

rewards and punishments expressed through praise, ridicule, gossip and the like.

Question 4

formal sanctions

Answer 4

Rewards and punishments administered by persons in authority, the state, or the law

Question 5

dominance hierarchies

Answer 5

in primate groups, social hierarchies established on the basis of sex and age.

Question 6

postconflict reconciliation

Answer 6

patterned behavior that occurs immediately after conflict has erupted and taken its course, to restore some measure of social harmony

Question 7

conflict avoidance

Answer 7

prosocial behaviors, such as reconciliation, consolation, politeness, or apology to repair social relationships without aggression

Question 8

peacemakers

Answer 8

individuals with a specialized role of preventing conflict from erupting into dangerous combat

Question 9

deference

Answer 9

nonthreatening verbal and nonverbal behaviors that convey respect or subordination to others

Question 10

politeness strategies

Answer 10

Behaviors designed to mute antagonisms and avoid overt hostility by affirming common bonds and recognizing another person’s rights and feelings.

Question 11

song duels

Answer 11

inuit contests in which conflict is expressed and resolved through public response to music

Question 12

witchcraft

Answer 12

a belief system that functions as a mechanism of social control by channeling anger toward others

Question 13

vengeance

Answer 13

aggression against others based on the principle of revenge

Question 14

blood feud

Answer 14

ongoing conflict between kin groups or communities based on vengeance

Question 15

warfare

Answer 15

armed aggression and hostilities between groups