FRUITS 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what does growing fruit in middle of city help with

A

shelf life because less transportation

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2
Q

what are fruits

A

edible part of a plant with seed that grows
from a flower

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3
Q

how are fruits classified

A

by part of flower they develop from

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4
Q

whats a simple fruit

A

develop from one flower; pomes and drupes

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5
Q

whats drupe

A

fleshy, thin, seed enclosed in pit; date, cherry, coconut

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6
Q

whats a pome

A

thick flesh with seed in core; like apple

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7
Q

what do the seeds of stone fruit break into

A

hydrogen cyanide (bc of a compound called amygladin), which is a poison

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8
Q

whats an aggregate fruit

A

One flower several ovaries, like raspberry, strawberry, blackberry

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9
Q

whats mulptlie fruit

A

develop from cluster of several
flowers; several flowers, several ovaries e.g., Pineapples, figs

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10
Q

what are botanical fruits?

A

fruits that are normally treated like vegetables, like tomatoes, squash, okra, peppers, cucumbers

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11
Q

what is rhubarb

A

vegetable usually treated as fruit

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12
Q

how are fruits similar to vegetables

A

similar cell structure and pigments

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13
Q

describe acidity of fruits

A

Most fruits have pH < 5.0, Acidity affects flavor
* Range from very acidic (lemons and limes: pH ~2) to mildly acidic (cucumbers and squash: pH ~5)

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14
Q

what do organic acids contribute to

A

tartness

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15
Q

what are the major organic acids

A

citric acid and malic acid

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16
Q

what makes up citric acid

A

citrus fruits, berries, and tropical fruits

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17
Q

what contains malic acid

A

drupes and pomes

18
Q

what are the three other kinds of organic acids

A
  • Tartaric acid (grapes)
  • Oxalic acid (rhubarb)
  • Benzoic acid (cranberries)
19
Q

what does pectin act as

A

cement between cell walls, contribute to
structure and firmness; contains several polysaccahrides; Water-soluble, forms gel

20
Q

what does all pectin contain

A

methyl pectate: chain of repeating
galacturonic acid units – responsible for gelling

21
Q

how does pectin change during ripening

A

Protopectin (immature fruit, no gel) -> pectin (ripe fruit, gels) -> pectic acid(overripe, no gel)

22
Q

whats protopectin

A

Large, insoluble molecule, cannot form gel

23
Q

what do the molecules in pectin do

A

Linear molecules form a net-like structure that is able to trap water

24
Q

what happens as fruit overripens

A

enzymes convert pectin to pectic
acid, which Cannot form gel

25
Q

what enzymes are critical in softening of fruits

A

pectinase

26
Q

whats the relationship between pectin degradation and softening

A

as one increases, so does the other

27
Q

whats another method to hydrolyze pecin into pectic acid

A

heating; texture also becomes soft

28
Q

what can contribute to gelling between pectin, protopectin, and pectic acid

A

Only pectin (not protopectin or pectic acid) can
contribute to gelling

29
Q

what is pectin commercially used for

A

jelling of fruit preserves

30
Q

what is pectin derived from when used commercially for jelling

A

from the pulp (pomace) remaining after apples are pressed for juice and the albedo (white inner rind of citrus)

31
Q

what do pectic substances causes when juice is extracted

A

cloudiness, but can clarify with pectinases

32
Q

what are tannins responsible for

A

browning and bruising in fruits such as
avocados, apples, bananas, peaches, etc.

33
Q

what are the three things that enzymatic browning requires

A
  1. Phenolic compounds (found w/in the cell)
  2. Polyphenol oxidase (PPO)
  3. Oxygen (enters cells when fruit is cut or bruised)
34
Q

what does PPO do to tannis

A

converts from clear to brown, but still safe to consume

35
Q

why does denaturing enzymes with heat help with enzymatic browning

A

because Blanching destroys polyphenol oxidase (PPO), but Can cause loss of fruit texture and flavor

36
Q

why does lowering pH help with enzymatic browning

A

because optimal pH for PPO activity is 7.0, which is why highly acidic fruits don’t brown

37
Q

why does lowering temp help with enzymatic browning

A

Cold temp slows reaction rate (doesn’t completely inhibit)

38
Q

why does coating with sugar or water help with enzymatic browning

A

Covering fruit with layer of sugar or syrup, or
submerging in water prevents exposure to oxygen

39
Q

why does adding antioxidants help with enzymatic browning

A

because Antioxidants use up available oxygen
ex: Commercially used (ex: golden raisins)

40
Q

why are fruits functional foods

A

rich in antioxidants, phytochemicals, polyphenols, vasocdialters

41
Q

what do polyphenols do

A

Associated with decreased risk of high blood pressure, heart disease, stroke, and dementia; high levels in pomegranates and berries