Frog Endoskeleton Flashcards
10 bones of the dorsal surface of the skull
- premaxillae
- maxillae
- quadratojugals
- fronto-parietals
- spenethmoid
- nasals
- prootics
- squamosals
- exoccipitals
- occipital condocytes
most anterior pair of teeth-bearing bones which form the tip of the upper jaw
premaxillae
pair of teeth-bearing bones posterior to the premaxillae
maxillae
the maxillae form the _____ and _____ segment of the upper jaw
largest and middle
pair of toothless short bones posterior to the maxillae
quadratojugals
pair of slender bones forming most of the roof of the skull and united at the median line by the sagittal suture
fronto-parietals
small squarish bone anterior to frontoparietal
spenethmoid
pair of triangular bones anterior to spenethmoid, covering the nasal structures
nasals
pair of ring-like projections on each side of the skull posterior to the frontoparietals
prootics
pair of T-shaped bones lateral to the prootics whose longer ends extend outward and backward to the lower jaw
squamosals
short bones surrounding a large opening at the posterior boundary of the skull
exoccipitals
rounded prominences on each exoccipital bones
occipital condyles
5 bones on the ventral surface of the skull
- parasphenoid
- spenethmoid
- vomers
- palatines
- pterygoids
dagger-shaped bone that forms the floor of the skull
parasphenoid
bone at the anterior end of the parasphenoid seen in the dorsal surface
spenethmoid
two flat wing-shaped and teeth-bearing bones just posterior to the premaxillae
vomers
pair of slender rod-like bones extending laterally from the anterior end f the spenthomoid to the maxillae
palatines
pair of three-rayed bone joined to the prootics, squamosals and maxillae
pterygoids
3 bones to the lower jaw
- mentomeckelian
- dentary
- angulosplenial
anterior bone that unites the two halves of the jaw
mentomeckelian
middle bone
dentary
posterior bone
angulosplenial
5 hyoid cartilage
- body
- alary processes
anterior cornua - thyroi processes
- posterior cornua
large central portion
body
pair of expanded plates at the anterior end of the body
alary processes
anterior pair of horns extending to the prootics
anterior cornua
pair of posterior ossified extensions of the body which helps support the larynx
thyroid processes
pair of shorter horns lateral to the thyroid processes
posterior cornua
4 vertebral column
- atlas
- typical vertebrae
- sacral vertebrae
- urostyle
first vertebra; most anterior without transverse processes; articulates with the occipital condyles of the skull
atlas
second to eight vertebrae
typical vertebrae
ninth vertebra with two long transverse processes extending backward and articulating with the pelvic girdle
sacral vertebra
tenth terminal vertebra slender with a dorsal keel articulating anteriorly with the sacral vertebra
urostyle
7 parts of the typical vertebra
- centrum
- neural arch
- neural canal
- neural spine
- transverse processes
- prezygapophyses
- postzygapophyses
ventral spool-like base or body concave anteriorly and convex posteriorly
centrum
pair of dorsolateral projection on the centrum fused with middorsally
neural arch
cavity enclosed by neural arch
neural canal
caudally directed projections on the middorsal part of the neuralarch
neural spine
pair of elongated processes which extend at right angles to the centrum
transverse processes
pair of articulating processes at the anterior end of the neural arch
prezygapohyses
pair of articulating processes a the posterior end of the neural arch
postzygapophyses
five long cylindrical bones of the sole articulating with and poserior to the tarsals
metatarsals
bones of the toes consisting of smaller pieces of bones arranged linearly, posterior to the metatarsals
phalanges
rudimentary bone that supports the prehallux
calcar
5 parts of the pectoral girdle
- suprascapula
- scapula
- clavicle
- coracoid
- epicoracoid
distal flat expanded cartilage forming the dorsal portion of the girdle
suprascapula
smaller piece of bone articulating with the suprascapula
scapula
collarbone; slender bone anteromedial to the scapula
clavicle
bone flared at the medial end posteromedial to the scapula
coracoid
cartilage at the proximal ends of the clavicle and coracoid
epicoracoid
4 parts of the sternum
- omosternum
- episternum
- mesosternum
- xiphisternum
tapered bone attached posteriorly to the epicoracoid
omosternum
flat slightly circular cartilage at the anterior tip of the omosternum
episternum
bony rod; posterior counterpart of the omosternum correspondingly connected to the epicoracoid
mesosternum
thin heart-shaped cartilage; posterior counterpart of the episternum at the tip of the mesosternum
xiphestermum
4 parts of the pelvic girdle
- illium
- ischium
- pubis
- acetabulum
anterior slender bone articulating with the transverse processes of the sacral vertebra
ilium
short posterior bone on the dorsal side of the girdle
ischium
triangular cartilage on the ventral side of the girdle
pubis
cup-like depression formed at the area of union of the ilium, ischium and pubis
acetabulum
5 parts of the anterior limb
- humerus
- radioulna
- carpus
- metacarpals
- phalanges
bone of the upper arm
humerus
bone of the forearm
radioulna
bones of the wrist consisting of two rows of six small bones
carpus
bones of the palm consisting of four slender bones and the rudiment of the thumb
metacarpals
bones of the fingers consisting of small pieces of bones arranged linearly
phalanges
6 parts of the posterior limbs
- femur
- tibiofibula
- tarsals
- metatarsals
- phalanges
- calcar
bone of the thigh
femur
bone of the shank posterior to the femur
tibiofibula
bones of the ankle consisting of two rows of bones posterior to the tibiofibula
tarsals
calcaneum =
outer
astralagus =
inner
flat cartilaginous structure that serves as attachments of muscles which move the tongue
hyoid apparatus
composed of bony and cartilaginous parts
pectoral girdle
space separating the clavicle and coracoid
fenestra
cup-shaped depression between the clavicle, coracoid, and scapula
glenoid fossa
middle crest of the humerus
deltoid ridge
rounded ends of the humerus fits the
glenoid fossa
head of the femur fits the
acetabulum
two rows of bones of the tarsals
- calcaneum
- astralagus