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MS 2020 - France > France - Bordeaux > Flashcards

France - Bordeaux Flashcards

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1
Q

What region of France has the most acres under vine?

A

Bordeaux

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2
Q

What is the climate of Bordeaux?

A

Atlantic influenced, the Gironde estuary acts as a funnel, rain throughout the year, more consistent/fewer spikes of temperature within each year - but year to year can vary hugely. No large diurnal shift.

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3
Q

What ocean current affects Bordeaux weather and climate

A

Atlantic Gulf Stream, brings warm water direct from the Caribbean.

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4
Q

What red grapes are authorized for basic Bordeaux AOP?

A

Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc, Petit Verdot, Malbec, and Carmenère

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5
Q

What white grapes are authorized for Bordeaux AOP?

A

Sémillon, Sauvignon Blanc (and Gris), Muscadelle, Ugni Blanc, Merlot Blanc, and Colombard

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6
Q

What is Bordeaux’s most planted white grape?

A

Semillon

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7
Q

What is a typical right bank red cepage?

A

70% Merlot, 30% Cabernet Franc

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8
Q

What three diseases arrived to Bordeaux from America in the late 19th C?

A

oidium, phylloxera, and peronospera

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9
Q

What is oidium and how is it treated in Bordeaux?

A

powdery mildew - treated with sulphur

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10
Q

What is peronospera and how is it treated in Bordeaux?

A

Downy mildew - treated with copper sulphate

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11
Q

What is Bordeaux mixture and what does it great?

A

Copper sulphate-lime mix, treats oidium and peronospora

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12
Q

When did plantings of Carmenere and Malbec diminish in Bordeaux?

A

Post-phylloxera, these grapes were difficult to graft on the new rootstock

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13
Q

What are 3 great mid-century vintages in Bordeaux?

A

1945, then 1947 and 1949

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14
Q

What was the first Bordeaux chateau to estate-bottle its entire production? When?

A

Mouton-Rothschild, in 1924

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15
Q

When did estate bottling become widespread in Bordeaux?

A

1960s

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16
Q

When did estate bottling become compulsory for Medoc classified estates?

A

1972

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17
Q

What role does the courtier serve in Bordeaux?

A

Acts as intermediary between the producers and the negociants

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18
Q

What was the first notable Chateau to opt out of the en primeur system?

A

Chateau Latour, in 2012

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19
Q

What trellising system is most often found in Bordeaux’s left bank?

A

Guyot - double

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20
Q

What trellising system is most often found in Bordeaux’s right bank?

A

Guyot - simple

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21
Q

What trellising system is found in Sauternes? Why?

A

Cordon - helps produce smaller berries that will attract botrytis

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22
Q

What is minimum vine spacing for Medoc?

A

7000 vines/hectare (though 1 x 1 spacing is often found at top properties)

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23
Q

What is minimum vine spacing for St. Émilion and Pomerol?

A

5500 vines/hectare

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24
Q

Why are spacing requirements typically lower on the right bank than on the left?

A

Soils are often shallower, so vines spread outward instead of down

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25
Q

What Bordeaux region has the lowest mandated vine spacing?

A

Entre-Deux-Mers - 2.5 m

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26
Q

What was the first certified biodynamic producer in the Medoc?

A

Chateau Pontet-Canet

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27
Q

What Sauternes producer has embraced biodynamics?

A

Chateau Climens

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28
Q

What are three types of sorting tables found in Bordeaux?

A

optical, density, and hand sorting

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29
Q

When is micro oxygenation used?

A

First developed in Madiran, this introduces oxygen during fermentation, and will help soften tannins

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30
Q

What is cliquage?

A

Micro oxygenation that takes place in barrel during elevage. Controversial, as it potentially sacrifices long term stability.

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31
Q

What are the 8 appellations of the Medoc?

A

Medoc, Haut-Medoc, Margaux, Pauillac, St. Estephe, St. Julien, Listrac-Moulis, Moulis/Moulis en Medoc

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32
Q

Name a quality producer labeled as “Medoc”

A

Chateau Potensac, far north in Bas-Medoc

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33
Q

Name a quality producer labeled as “Haut-Medoc”

A

Chateau Sociando-Mallet, just north of St Estephe

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34
Q

What is the northernmost commune AOP in the Medoc?

A

Saint-Estephe

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35
Q

What is a jalle?

A

Drainage canal

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36
Q

What marks the southern border of Saint Estephe?

A

Jalle de Breiul

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37
Q

What two properties does the Jalle de Breiul divide?

A

Cos d’Estournel (St Estephe) and Laftite-Rothschild (Pauillac)

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38
Q

What are the leading estates of Saint Estephe?

A

Cos d’Estournel and Montrose

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39
Q

What is the most planted wine region of France?

A

Bordeaux - 117,500 ha in 2011

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40
Q

Great Bordeaux vintages of the 40s

A

1945, 1947, 1949

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41
Q

Why is Cordon training used in Sauternes?

A

cordon-training produces smaller berries that attract botrytis

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42
Q

How long does a BDX grand vin usually spend in barrel?

A

18-24 months

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43
Q

describe elevage for a Medoc grand vin

A

18-24 mo. in oak, usually 100% new, racking every three months, Malo unusual for whites

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44
Q

When did the practice of producing a second wine become popular?

A

1982 vintage

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45
Q

Name a commune the Medoc where Merlot is seeing increased plantings. Why

A

St-Estephe, higher proportion of clay

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46
Q

Does Cabernet or Merlot ripen first?

A

Merlot

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47
Q

In a warmer vintage in Pauillac, will percentages of Cabernet go up or down?

A

Cabernet percent will likely increase, as the berries have a chance to ripen thoroughly

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48
Q

What are the 5 communes in Margaux AOP? Which have the most Chateaux?

A

Margaux and Cantenac, then Soussans, Arsac, and Labarde

49
Q

Two cru bourgeois producers of Moulis

A

Château Chasse-Spleen and Château Poujeaux

50
Q

What was the last Medoc commune to reach AOP status?

A

Listrac, in 1957

51
Q

What are challenges to viticulture in Listrac and Moulis?

A

Lack of proximity to the Gironde, more difficult to ripen grapes, especially Cabernet. Merlot plantings on the rise

52
Q

What are Cru Artisan producers?

A

Officially recognized in 2002, after more than a century of use - they are small estates (average 6 ha.) that are noted stewards of the land and craft of winemaking, without the financing or apparatus of large-scale operations

53
Q

Why have planted acres shrunk in the northern parts of Graves (typically high quality area)?

A

The expanding suburbs of Bordeaux

54
Q

What is the only major region of Bordeaux to produce dry red, white, and sweet white wines?

A

Graves

55
Q

How does the terroir of Graves differ from N to S?

A

More gravel deposits (croupes) in the north, left behind from the Garonne river over millennia. In the south, more clay and limestone is found.

56
Q

Graves Supérieures AOP

A

only sweet white wines from Sémillon, Sauvignon Blanc, Sauvignon Gris, Muscadelle

57
Q

Graves AOP

A

only dry red and white wines, from the classic complement of BDX grapes

58
Q

What are the two regional Graves appellations and how do they differ?

A

Graves Supérieures AOP and Graves AOP. Superieures is for sweet white wines, Graves AOP is for red and white dry wines.

59
Q

When, and why, was the Pessac-Léognan AOC created?

A

1987, under efforts led by André Lurton, to define the northern communes from Graves, with their predominance of gravel soils and all the classed chateaux, as separate from the south.

60
Q

Pessac-Léognan AOP

A

dry reds (accounting for 80%) of production and dry whites from the standard complement of BDX grapes. higher vine planting density and lower yield requirements than Graves AOP

61
Q

Two top quality white wine producers in Pessac-Léognan AOP

A

Haut-Brion and Domaine de Chevalier

62
Q

What winemaking processes are allowed in Sauternes to increase must concentration?

A

Cryoextraction and chaptalization

63
Q

Producers in Barsac have the choice of what two appellations for their sweet wines?

A

Barsac AOP and Sauternes AOP

64
Q

What appellation is Chateau d’Yquem’s Ygrec entitled to?

A

Bordeaux AOP - Graves AOP does not cover the territory, and Sauternes AOP allows only sweet wines

65
Q

Minumum rs for Cerons, Barsac, and Sauternes AOPs

A

45 g/l - for all

66
Q

Cérons AOP allows what style of wine

A

sweet white wine

67
Q

Producers in Cérons may use what AOPs?

A

Cérons AOP for sweet white, or Graves AOP for dry red and white

68
Q

What is Chateau Palmer’s “Historical XIX Century” wine?

A

blend of 85% cabernet with 15% Rhone Syrah, produced in 2004, 2006, 2007, 2010 and 2013, 2014, 2016

69
Q

Laville Haut Brion (blanc) is now called what?

A

La Mission Haut Brion blanc - as of 2009

70
Q

What was the final vintage of Chateau La Tour Haut Brion (rouge) and where does the wine now go?

A
  1. The wine is now incorporated in the La Chapelle de La Mission Haut Brion.
71
Q

Name three Barsac producers

A

Climens, Coutet, Doisy-Daëne

72
Q

Name three Sauternes producers

A

Yquem, Suduiraut, Lafleurie-Peyraguey, Rieussec, Chateau Gilette (unoaked example)

73
Q

5 Pessac Leognac red wine producers (other than Haut Brion and La Mission)

A

Smith Haut Lafitte, Malartic Lagraviere, Haut Bailly, Pape Clement, Château La Louvière

74
Q

Does Medoc or Haut Medoc have a higher minimum planting density?

A

Haut Medoc (6500 vines/ha vs. 5000)

75
Q

What is the large co-op in Listrac?

A

Cave Grand-Listrac

76
Q

Name 2 high quality producer in Listrac

A

Château Bellegrave, Chateau Clarke

77
Q

Which is the smallest of the Medoc appellations?

A

Moulis-en-Médoc

78
Q

Min alcohol for all Medoc AOPs

A

11%

79
Q

Does Pichon Baron or Pichon Lalande have more structure?

A

Pichon Baron - higher use of Cabernet Sauvignon; Pichon Lalande is quite high in Merlot for Pauillac at 30%

80
Q

Two leading cru bourgeois producers of St-Estephe

A

Chateau Les Ormes de Pez, Phelan Segur

81
Q

Are there any Médoc appellations for white wine?

A

Only generic Bordeaux AOP covers white wine production in the Médoc

82
Q

Which river separates Pomerol from Lalande-de-Pomerol (and St. Emilion from its satellites)?

A

The Barbanne

83
Q

Describe the terroir of St. Emilion

A

Center is a limestone plateau, and the growing areas are famously the hillsides (or cotes) that feature cool clay soils. There are gravel (graves) sections found to the northwest - approaching Pomerol - where Cabernet is more dominant (as in the Cabernet Sauvignon heavy wines of Figeac and the Cab Franc dominant wines of Cheval Blanc)

84
Q

What are the two red wine only appellations for St. Emilion? What are the differences?

A

Saint-Émilion AOP (1936) and Saint-Émilion Grand Cru AOP (1954) Grand Cru wines must be estate bottled, have lower yields, and longer elevage (an additional year).

85
Q

What does Saint-Émilion Grand Cru Classé mean vs. Saint-Émilion Grand Cru?

A

Classé is the classification, the other the AOP

86
Q

Is Carmenere allowed in Pomerol AOP wines?

A

No

87
Q

How much Petit Verdot may be in a bottle of St-Emilion AOP?

A

max. 10% Petit Verdot

88
Q

Name 10 Pomerol producers

A

Vieux Chateau Certan, Petrus, Château La Conseillante, Château Lafleur, Château Clinet, Château Latour à Pomerol, L’Évangile, Trotanoy, Château Certan de May

89
Q

Soils of Chateau Petrus

A

blue-clay

90
Q

Terroir of Pomerol

A

Plateau with 3 distinct terraces 1) light sandy soils (lesser wines/terroir) near the Dordogne and Libourne; 2) clay and gravel glacial deposits, mixed with the crasse de fer - iron-rich sands; 3) highest point, in the east - purer, water-retaining clay with some gravel, especially the buttonière with its blue clays

91
Q

When did the Côtes de Bordeaux AOP debut?

A

2009 - outlying areas, varying soils/terroirs, united under a unifying marketing banner.

92
Q

How is most rosé producer in Bordeaux?

A

saignée

93
Q

What styles of wines are allowed under Entre-deux-Mers AOP?

A 
Blanc Sec (and Haut-Benauge geographic designation) from Min. 70% combined Sauvignon Blanc, Sauvignon Gris, Muscadelle, and Sémillon - at least 2 must be present, varietal wines not allowed.
Accessory Varieties: Max. 30% Merlot Blanc; max. 10% combined Mauzac, Colombard, and Ugni Blanc
94
Q

What are three AOPs for sweet wines in the Entre-deux-Mers

A

Cadillac, Loupiac, and Sainte-Croix-du-Mont AOPs

95
Q

Which AOP is directly across the Garonne from Sauternes?

A

Sainte Croix du Mont

96
Q

Which AOP is directly across the river from Barsac?

A

Loupiac

97
Q

Styles of wine permitted in Côtes de Bordeaux-Saint-Macaire AOP?

A

Blanc (Sec, Moelleux, and Liquoreux): Muscadelle, Sauvignon Blanc, Sauvignon Gris, Sémillon

98
Q

Minimum rs in Sainte Croix du Mont, Loupiac, and Cadillac?

A

51 g/l in Cadillac, 45 in Loupiac and Sainte Croix

99
Q

Which AOP is situated directly across the river from Fronsac? Which river?

A

Graves de Vayres AOP. The Dordogne.

100
Q

Styles of wine permitted in Graves de Vayres AOP?

A

Blanc, blanc sec, rouge

101
Q

Bourg AOP grapes and permitted styles

A

Blanc: Sauvignon Blanc, Sauvignon Gris, Sémillon, Muscadelle, Colombard
Rouge: Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc, Cot, and Merlot

102
Q

Blaye AOP permitted wine styles and grapes?

A

Rouge:
Principal Varieties: Min. 50% combined Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc, and Merlot
Accessory Varieties: Cot (Malbec), plus a max. 15% combined Petit Verdot and Carmenère (max. 10% Carmenère)

103
Q

Is white wine authorized under Blaye AOP?

A

no

104
Q

Which IGP may Bordeaux producers use?

A

Atlantique IGP - in practice, few do, and more often this is seen in Bergerac, Duras, or Cognac

105
Q

What does “sur souches” refer to?

A

Pricing agreed to prior to harvest (via negociants) based on previous year’s pricing

106
Q

What is the more widespread method of cap management during vinification in Bordeaux?

A

Remontage (though the gentler, Burgundian pigeage has its defenders)

107
Q

What was the Jurade of Saint-Émilion?

A

In 1199, Eleanor of Aquitaine’s son granted Saint-Émilion autonomy as a free “jurisdiction” effectively independent of English rule, establishing the Jurade, or regional administration, to oversee governance.

108
Q

What are the factors that moderate the strong Atlantic influence in Bordeaux?

A

Moderating factors:
Coastal Landes forest
Gironde estuary

109
Q

What are the sources of the alluvial soils prevalent in Bordeaux?

A

Pyrenees and the Massif Central; Dordogne originates in the Massif Central, Garonne from the Pyrenees

110
Q

When did Merlot become prominent on the Right Bank?

A

after the 1956 freeze because Malbec and Cabernet Franc-less hardy and later ripening

111
Q

What are some viticultural challenges (and benefits) of Merlot?

A

Can overproduce sugars in hot vintages. Thin skinned and susceptible to rot (downy mildew), coulure if weather is poor during flowering. Vigorous vine and long lived - up to 100 years. Early ripening.

112
Q

What are three (unofficial) subzones of St. Emilion?

A

1) Gravel border with Pomerol
2) Limestone plateau, village of St. Emilion and stretching out to the east
3) Cotes-Hillsides around the village of St. Emilion

113
Q

Describe the terroir of Lussac- St Emilion?

A

Most northerly of satellites - Cooler, higher elevation
Varied soils – clay/gravel & silt in the valleys, clay/limestone on slopes, clay/sand on plateau
Bands of limestone throughout the region are where the best estates are
60% Merlot, 30% CF

114
Q

Describe the terroir of Saint Georges St Emilion?

A

most uniform soils of limestone, smallest satellite, may also use the Montagne AOP designation

115
Q

Describe the terroir of Montagne St Emilion?

A

clay limestone soils
high proportion of Merlot
Largest producer of St. Em Satellite wine

116
Q

Describe the terroir of Puisseguin Saint-Émilion AOP

A

High, coolest site, clay limestone soils

117
Q

Which grapes were approved in June 2019 for use in Bordeaux (pending INAO approval)?

A

Arinarnoa, Touriga Nacional, Marselan, and Castets for reds, and Alvarinho, Petit Manseng, and Liliorila for whites

118
Q

What is Bordeaux’s most expensive bottling?

A

Liber Pater - own rooted, ancient varieties

MS 2020 - France (19 decks)

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