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Patho II > Fractures > Flashcards

Fractures Flashcards

1
Q

What are the types of fractures?

A
  1. closed
  2. open or compound
  3. greenstick
  4. comminuted
  5. impated
  6. avulsion
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2
Q

What is a closed fracture?

A

a break in the bone with no external wound to the skin

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3
Q

What is an open or compound fracture?

A
  • a break in the bone in which an open wound leads down the site of the fracture
  • or when a piece of broken bone protrudes through the skin.
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4
Q

What is a greenstick fracture?

A

bone is partially bent and split

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5
Q

What is a comminuted fracture?

A

bone broken or splintered into several pieces with fragments imbedded in surrounding tissue

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6
Q

What is an impacted fracture?

A

one in which the bone is broken with one end forced into the interior of the other (hips and GHJs)

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7
Q

What is an avulsion fracture?

A

bone pulled apart by strength of muscle and/or ligament

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8
Q

What is the etiology of a fracture?

A
  1. usually by physical trauma
  2. other pathological processes include
    - neoplasms
    - osteoporosis
    - Paget’s disease
    - osteomalacia
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9
Q

What are S/S of fractures?

A
  1. acute pain at fracture site
  2. muscle spasms
  3. hemorrhage or shock
  4. unnatural movement of part
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10
Q

How do you diagnose a fracture?

A
  1. X-rays

2. Bone Scans

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11
Q

What are the treatments for fractures?

A
  1. Reduction
  2. Fixation
    3 Closed reduction and fixation
  3. Open reduction internal fixation (ORIF)
  4. Open reduction external fixation
  5. traction
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12
Q

What is a reduction of a fracture?

A

to realign the bone fragments

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13
Q

What is a fixation of a fracture?

A

a method of holding the fragments in place until healing occurs

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14
Q

What is a closed reduction and fixation?

A

aligning the fracture and immobilizing.

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15
Q

What is an open reduction internal fixation?

A
  1. surgically opening the fracture site and securing the broken bone
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16
Q

What are the types of ORIF?

A
  1. bone compression plating–involves compression bone ends together and securing bones with plates and screws
  2. bone grafting–a process of inlaying or onlaying the fracture with bone from donor site.
  3. intramedullary rodding–solid rod is placed down the endosteal canal of the bone.
  4. useful for fractures of long bones
17
Q

What is an open reduction external fixation?

A

surgical opening the fracture and placing screw into bone and an external “cage” around the fracture.

18
Q

What is traction for a fracture?

A

with longitudinal pulling, the surrounding mass of tissue encircling the injured limb becomes taut and correctly aligns the fractured bone.

19
Q

Describe traction

A
  1. indicated if surgery is delayed or inappropriate

2. traction alone will take several months to heal fracture

20
Q

What is additional medical management for a fracture?

A
  1. Analgesics/muscle relaxers

2. ROM and strengthening of uninvolved extremities and trunk (PT treatment)

21
Q

What are complications that can arise with a fracture?

A
  1. embolism
  2. infection
  3. non-union–when fracture site does not unite within five months
22
Q

What are the causes of a non-union fracture?

A
  1. disease process (diabetes, osteoporosis)
  2. medications (steroids)
  3. infection at the fracture site
  4. motion at fracture site
23
Q

What are common fracture sites?

A
  1. Colle’s fracture
  2. Clavicle
  3. Ribs
  4. Medial and Lateral Malleoli
  5. Hip
  6. Osgood Schlatter’s
24
Q

How does a colle’s fracture occur?

A

distal metaphysis of radius

  • attempting to break fall with outstretched arm
  • most common fracture site
25
Q

What population is a clavicle fracture most common?

A

children

26
Q

Describe a rib fracture

A

very stable area, difficulty breathing, possible lung puncture

27
Q

Describe medial and lateral malleoli fractures

A

inversion injuries most common where the medial malleolus is sheared off and the lateral malleolus is avulsed

28
Q

Describe hip fractures

A

results from falls and osteoporosis
Occur at:
1. Trochanteric
2. Neck

29
Q

What is Osgood Schlatter’s?

A

small bits of immature bone are pulled from the tibial tuberosity by the patellar tendon.

Patho II (23 decks)

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