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year 2 - musculoskeletal > fractures > Flashcards

fractures Flashcards

1
Q

compartment syndrome cause

A

develops due to build up of pressure within the fascial compartments

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2
Q

compartment syndrome presentation

A
  • swelling
  • out of proportion pain
  • pain on passive stretch
  • decreased temperature
  • loss of pulses
  • intra-compartment pressure > 30 mmHg
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3
Q

compartment syndrome management

A

fasciotomy

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4
Q

complication of compartment syndrome

A

Volkmann’s ischaemic contracture

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5
Q

Volkmann’s ischaemic contracture cause

A

due to failure to treat compartment syndrome resulting in muscle necrosis and fibrosis

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6
Q

fractures especially at risk of avascular necrosis

A
  • scaphoid
  • proximal talus
  • head of humerus
  • femoral condyles
  • intra-capsular femoral head
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7
Q

what is a surgical neck of humerus fracture

A

fracture of ulna and dislocation of radial head at elbow joint

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8
Q

surgical neck of humerus fractures are most common in

A

elderly patients with osteoporosis

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9
Q

surgical neck of humerus fracture associations

A
  • avascular necrosis
  • axillary nerve damage (presents with loss of sensation over badge patch area i.e. C5)
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10
Q

surgical neck of humerus fracture management

A
  • most commonly managed conservatively
  • open reduction and internal fixation of ulna
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11
Q

mechanism of humeral shaft fracture

A

fall on outstretched hand

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12
Q

humeral shaft fracture association

A

radial nerve damage (presents with wrist drop and loss of sensation in dorsal first web sapce)

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13
Q

humeral shaft fracture management

A

conservative (traction brace)

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14
Q

mechanism of olecranon fracture

A

fall onto point of elbow, with triceps contracted

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15
Q

olecranon fractures result in

A

avulsion of olecranon process

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16
Q

radial head fractures result in

A

loss of pronation and supination

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17
Q

radial head fracture associations

A
  • elbow dislocation
  • fat pad sign on x-ray
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18
Q

radial head fracture management

A

conservative

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19
Q

what is a Galeazzi fracture

A

radial head fracture with ulnar dislocation

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20
Q

what is a Monteggia fracture

A

ulnar fracture with radial dislocation (more common)

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21
Q

mechanism of a Colles fracture

A

fall on outstretched hand with wrist extension

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22
Q

what is a Colles fracture

A

extra-articular fracture of the distal radius with dorsal displacement (broken end of bone points back)

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23
Q

Colles fracture presentation

A

dorsal displacement and angulation of the wrist (dinner fork deformity)

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24
Q

Colles fracture associations

A
  • median nerve compression
  • extensor pollicus longus rupture
  • Sudecks dystrophy
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25
mechanism of Smith's fracture
fall on outstretched hand with wrist flexion
26
what is a Smith's fracture
extra-articular fracture of the proximal radius with volar displacement (broken end of bone points forwards)
27
Smith's fracture presentation
volar displacement and angulation of the wrist
28
Smith's fracture management
open reduction and internal fixation (unstable fracture)
29
what is a Barton's fracture
intra-articular fracture of the wrist
30
Barton's fracture associations
subluxation of the carpal bones
31
scaphoid fracture presentation
tenderness over anatomical snuffbox
32
scaphoid fracture associations
- delayed presence of fracture on x-ray - non-union - avascular necrosis
33
mechanism of Boxer's fracture
punching injury
34
what is a Boxer's fracture
5th metacarpal fracture
35
Boxer's fracture management
strap pinkie to adjacent finger
36
hip fracture presentation
- immobilisation and unable to weight bear - severe pain in hip, groin and knee - pain on palpation of greater trochanter and rotation of hip - shortened, adducted and externally rotated leg
37
hip fracture diagnosis
x-ray (break in Shenton's line visible)
38
what is an intracapsular hip fracture
fracture that occurs at the neck of the femur within boundaries of joint capsule
39
classification used for hip fractures
Garden classification
40
what is a garden stage 1 hip fracture
undisplaced and incomplete
41
what is a garden stage 2 hip fracture
undisplaced and complete
42
what is a garden stage 3 hip fracture
complete fracture, but incompletely displaced
43
what is a garden stage 4 hip fracture
complete fracture, completely displaced
44
intracapsular hip fracture associations
- non-union - avascular necrosis
45
intracapsular hip fracture management
- arthroplasty (standard management) - total hip replacement (better results, but higher risk of dislocation) - hemi-arthroplasty for less mobile patients - consider fixation in patients < 60
46
what is a extracapsular hip fracture
fracture that occurs outside of the joint capsule and that can be classified as trochanteric or subtrochanteric
47
extracapsular hip fracture associations
- malunion - non-union
48
extracapsular hip fracture management
fixation with dynamic hip screw of intramedullary nail
49
mechanism of femoral shaft fracture
high energy fall
50
femoral shaft fracture associations
- substantial blood loss - acute respiratory distress syndrome due to fat embolism
51
femoral shaft fracture management
- immediate stabilisation with Thomas splint - closed reduction and IM nail for stabilisation
52
what is a tibial plateau fracture
proximal tibial fracture that involves the articular surface of the knee joint
53
tibial plateau fracture associations
- lots of swelling - compartment syndrome - common peroneal injury (foot drop)
54
tibial plateau fracture: management
may need external fixation prior to internal fixation
55
mechanism of tibial shaft fracture
rotation forces of compression from sudden deceleration
56
tibial shaft fracture associations
compartment syndrome if open fracture
57
tibial shaft fracture management
- conservative - slowest healing fracture
58
mechanism of distal tibial fracture
rotation forces of compression from sudden deceleration
59
distal tibial fracture management
conservative
60
mechanism of pilon fracture
high impact trauma due to fall from height
61
what is a pilon fracture
distal tibial fracture that involved the articular surface of the ankle
62
pilon fracture management
- surgical emergency - external fixation asap
63
mechanism of ankle fracture
inversion or rotational forces
64
ankle fracture presentation
inability to weight bear
65
what is a stable ankle fracture
isolated distal fibular fracture minimally displaced medial malleolus
66
what is an unstable ankle fracture
distal fibular fracture with deltoid rupture and bimalleolar fracture
67
stable ankle fracture management
conservative
68
unstable ankle fracture management
open reduction and internal fixation
69
classification used for ankle fractures
Weber classification
70
what is a Weber A ankle fracture
below the syndesmosis (usually stable)
71
what is a Weber B ankle fracture
at the level of the syndesmosis (can be stable or unstable)
72
what is a Weber C ankle fracture
above the syndesmosis
73
mechanism of a 5th metatarsal fracture
inversion injury and avulsion of the insertion of peroneus brevis
74
5th metatarsal fracture management
moon boot

year 2 - musculoskeletal (20 decks)

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