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year 2 - musculoskeletal > foot and ankle conditions > Flashcards

foot and ankle conditions Flashcards

1
Q

osteoarthritis is most common in

A

people who have had previous sporting injuries to the ankle

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2
Q

osteoarthritis presentation

A

reduced movement and pain especially on dorsiflexion

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3
Q

osteoarthritis management

A
  • cheilectomy
  • replacement (high failure rate)
  • arthrodesis (lower functional outcome, but higher success rate than replacement)
  • arthrodesis and replacement
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4
Q

mechanism of ligament strains

A

inversion injury (going over ankle) which strains lateral collateral ligament

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5
Q

ligament strains presentation

A
  • swelling, stiffness and pain on walking and inversion
  • tenderness of lateral collateral ligament, but not lateral malleolus
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6
Q

ligament strains diagnosis

A
  • clinical
  • x-ray to rule out fracture if unable to weight bear
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7
Q

ligament strains management

A

rest, ice, compression and elevation

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8
Q

what is a hallux valgus (bunion)

A

lateral deviation of the big toe

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9
Q

causes of hallux valgus (bunion)

A
  • age
  • obesity
  • familial
  • wearing heels
  • rheumatoid arthritis
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10
Q

hallux valgus (bunion) presentation

A
  • pain and inflammation in big toe
  • skin ulceration of big toe
  • big toe over-riding second and third toes
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11
Q

hallux valgus (bunion) management

A
  • wearing accommodating shoes
  • first web space spacers
  • surgery as last resort
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12
Q

what is hallux rigidus

A

osteoarthritis of first MTP joint

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13
Q

hallux rigidus management

A
  • conservative
  • surgical (gold standard is arthrodesis)
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14
Q

pes planus (flat feet) causes

A
  • idiopathic
  • neuromuscular conditions (cerebral palsy, spina bifida)
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15
Q

pes planus (flat feet) management

A
  • insoles
  • custom footwear
  • surgery (last resort)
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16
Q

Achilles tendonitis causes

A
  • repetitive strain
  • degeneration
  • rheumatoid arthritis
  • spondyloarthritides
17
Q

Achilles tendonitis presentation

A
  • heel pain and swelling that’s worse on activity and relieved by rest
  • stiffness and reduced range of movement
18
Q

Achilles tendonitis diagnosis

A

ultrasound

19
Q

Achilles tendonitis management

A
  • rest, ice, compression and elevation
  • physiotherapy
  • splint
20
Q

Achilles tendon ruptures are most common in

A

middle aged and elderly due to degeneration or recent illness

21
Q

mechanism of Achilles tendon rupture

A

sudden deceleration with resisted calf muscle contraction (seen in running, jumping or lunges)

22
Q

Achilles tendon rupture presentation

A
  • severe pain (described like being shot in the back of the leg)
  • limping or unable to weight bear
  • palpable gap in tendon
  • positive Simmonds test (no plantar flexion on squeezing calf)
23
Q

Achilles tendon rupture management

A
  • 8 weeks of serial casts
  • repair and cast
24
Q

what is plantar fasciitis

A

inflammation of plantar aponeurosis

25
Q

plantar fasciitis risk factors

A
  • age
  • obesity
  • diabetes
  • running as hobby
26
Q

plantar fasciitis presentation

A
  • sharp, stabbing and unilateral heel pain (especially bad when taking first steps of day/after prolonged rest)
  • pain may be slightly relieved by mild exercise
  • pain worse after being on feet all day
  • pain relieved at right
  • pain worse when walking on tip toes
27
Q

plantar fasciitis management

A
  • rest
  • physiotherapy
  • NSAIDs
  • steroid injections
28
Q

what is morton’s neuroma

A

neuroma of the inter-digital nerves of plantar surface of foot

29
Q

morton’s neuroma is most common in

A

3rd interspace nerve in people who wear high heels

30
Q

morton’s neuroma presentation

A
  • burning and tingling sensation over metatarsals
  • pain radiating down lateral side of 1 toe and medial side of its neighbouring toe
  • click and pain on compression of metatarsal heads
31
Q

morton’s neuroma diagnosis

A

ultrasound

32
Q

morton’s neuroma management

A
  • insoles
  • steroid injections
  • surgical removal of neuroma

year 2 - musculoskeletal (20 decks)

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