Fracture

Question 1

what is a fracture?

Answer 1

disruption in the cortex of the bone

Question 2

what are the radiographic findings of a fracture?

Answer 2

1) a linear lucency or a black line through the bone that extends out to the cortex.

2)sharp angles

3) no surrounding cortex at the sight of the fracture.

4) irregular margin

Question 3

Do not confuse fractures with nutrient canals, what are they?

Answer 3

nutrient canal is a linear lucency within the cortex of a bone that carries the blood vessels.

Question 4

difference between fractures and nutrient canals

Answer 4

nutrient canals are smooth and they have a sclerotic margin surrounding them

while fractures are irregular and they don’t have the sclerotic margin around the

Question 5

what is a dislocation?

Answer 5

2 bones that normally articulate with each other no longer articulate.

Question 6

what is subluxation?

Answer 6

2 bones that normally articulate with each other are now only partially in contact, so not completely dislocated but kind of halfway through.

Question 7

what is a complete fracture?

Answer 7

\one that extends all the way through the cortex.

That can also be characterized into transverse ( the fracture line is perpendicular to the long axis of the bone.), oblique, spiral or comminuted

An oblique fracture is one in which the fracture line is diagonal with respect to the long axis of the bone and a spiral fracture is usually caused by a twisting force

A comminuted fracture is one that produces more than 2 fragments.

Question 8

what is an incomplete fracture?

Answer 8

one that extends through only part of the cortex so not all the way through

includes a buckle fracture or a greenstick fracture.

commonly occurs in soft bones and kids

Question 9

types of comminuted fracture?

Answer 9

segmental ( central portion of the shaft becomes an isolated segment.) VS butterfly ( central portion is triangular in shape.)

Question 10

what are the 5 types of displacement?

Answer 10

angulation, displacement and override.
, impaction, distraction

Question 11

what is angulation?

Answer 11

the degree to which the distal fragment is angulated from its normal portion.

Question 12

what is displacement?

Answer 12

Displacement is the amount by which the distal fragment is offset from the proximal fragment either side-to-side or front-to-back

Question 13

what is override?

Answer 13

amount by which the distal and proximal fragments overlap with each other.

Question 14

what is impaction?

Answer 14

the amount by which the distal fragment has impacted or hit into the proximal fragment

Question 15

what is distraction?

Answer 15

he amount by which the proximal and distal fragments are separated from each other which is the opposite of overlap

Question 16

what is avulsion fracture?

Answer 16

a small piece of bone is pulled off the parent bone by a ligament or a tendon

Question 17

what is accessory ossicle?

Answer 17

Those are bone fragments that form from a secondary ossification center and they don’t fuse with the parent bone.

Question 18

what is sesamoid?

Answer 18

sesamoids that are small bones that form within a tendon.

Question 19

what are the phases of healing stages of a fracture?

Answer 19

reactive,
reparative
remodeling phase

Question 20

reactive phase of a fracture

Answer 20

During this process, the cellular debris is going to now need to be phagocytes hosts by immune cells,
elicit an inflammatory response,
recruitment of a lot of blood and other cells in order to clean up this area.
=
This results in the formation of a blood hematoma between the two fragments of bone.

Question 21

reparative phase of fracture?

Answer 21

start forming a cartilaginous callus or cartilaginous band aid between the two pieces of bone.

after we form the cartilage, we also start to replace that cartilage with bone tissue

This results in A. The formation of the fibrocartilaginous callus and B. The formation of the bony callus.

then remodel.