Fracture Flashcards
what is a fracture?
disruption in the cortex of the bone
what are the radiographic findings of a fracture?
1) a linear lucency or a black line through the bone that extends out to the cortex.
2)sharp angles
3) no surrounding cortex at the sight of the fracture.
4) irregular margin
Do not confuse fractures with nutrient canals, what are they?
nutrient canal is a linear lucency within the cortex of a bone that carries the blood vessels.
difference between fractures and nutrient canals
nutrient canals are smooth and they have a sclerotic margin surrounding them
while fractures are irregular and they don’t have the sclerotic margin around the
what is a dislocation?
2 bones that normally articulate with each other no longer articulate.
what is subluxation?
2 bones that normally articulate with each other are now only partially in contact, so not completely dislocated but kind of halfway through.
what is a complete fracture?
\one that extends all the way through the cortex.
That can also be characterized into transverse ( the fracture line is perpendicular to the long axis of the bone.), oblique, spiral or comminuted
An oblique fracture is one in which the fracture line is diagonal with respect to the long axis of the bone and a spiral fracture is usually caused by a twisting force
A comminuted fracture is one that produces more than 2 fragments.
what is an incomplete fracture?
one that extends through only part of the cortex so not all the way through
includes a buckle fracture or a greenstick fracture.
commonly occurs in soft bones and kids
types of comminuted fracture?
segmental ( central portion of the shaft becomes an isolated segment.) VS butterfly ( central portion is triangular in shape.)
what are the 5 types of displacement?
angulation, displacement and override.
, impaction, distraction
what is angulation?
the degree to which the distal fragment is angulated from its normal portion.
what is displacement?
Displacement is the amount by which the distal fragment is offset from the proximal fragment either side-to-side or front-to-back
what is override?
amount by which the distal and proximal fragments overlap with each other.
what is impaction?
the amount by which the distal fragment has impacted or hit into the proximal fragment
what is distraction?
he amount by which the proximal and distal fragments are separated from each other which is the opposite of overlap
what is avulsion fracture?
a small piece of bone is pulled off the parent bone by a ligament or a tendon
what is accessory ossicle?
Those are bone fragments that form from a secondary ossification center and they don’t fuse with the parent bone.
what is sesamoid?
sesamoids that are small bones that form within a tendon.
what are the phases of healing stages of a fracture?
reactive,
reparative
remodeling phase
reactive phase of a fracture
During this process, the cellular debris is going to now need to be phagocytes hosts by immune cells,
elicit an inflammatory response,
recruitment of a lot of blood and other cells in order to clean up this area.
=
This results in the formation of a blood hematoma between the two fragments of bone.
reparative phase of fracture?
start forming a cartilaginous callus or cartilaginous band aid between the two pieces of bone.
after we form the cartilage, we also start to replace that cartilage with bone tissue
This results in A. The formation of the fibrocartilaginous callus and B. The formation of the bony callus.
then remodel.
