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FOUNDATIONS OF PSYCHOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

Define psychology

A

Scientific study if individual human behavior and mental processes

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2
Q

In the definition of psychology, what does “mental process” mean?

A

Internal, overt actions and reactions

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3
Q

The school of thought emphasizing mind and outside world interaction.

A

Structuralism

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4
Q

Who would agree with the statement “the study of the mind should focus on how it functions in everyday life”?

A

William James

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5
Q

Who are the proponents of structuralism?

A

William Wundt & E. B. Titchener

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6
Q

What is the definition of structuralism?

A

Identifies the basic elements of the mind through introspection

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7
Q

What year was structuralism found?

A

1879

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8
Q

What year was functionalism found?

A

1890

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9
Q

Who is the proponent of functionalism?

A

William James

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10
Q

What is the definition of functionalism?

A

The adaptation of the mind to the environment

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11
Q

What is the influence behind functionalism?

A

Evolutionary Theory

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12
Q

What is the difference of Western and Eastern perspectives of psychology?

A

Western psychology studies the human brain and mind using the scientific method. Eastern psychology is directed towards inner satisfaction or spiritual life.

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13
Q

What are the Theories of Psychology? (8)

A
  • Behavioral
  • Psychoanalytic Theory
  • Humanistic Psychology
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Behavioral Neuroscience
  • Evolutionary Theory
  • Sociocultural Theory
  • Positive Psychology
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14
Q

What year was behavioral found?

A

1924

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15
Q

The theory of psychology analyzes how people learn/modify behavior from experience

A

Behavioral

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16
Q

Who is the proponent of psychoanalytic theory?

A

Sigmund Freud

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17
Q

The theory of psychology focuses on the unconscious aspects of the mind, and how instincts and impulses influence thought and behavior.

A

Psychoanalytic Theory

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18
Q

Johann has learned crying in public will give him a new toy in exchange for silence. What psychological theory is exhibited?

A

Behavioral

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19
Q

Who is the proponent of Humanistic Theory?

A

Carl Rogers

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20
Q

When was Cognitive Theory found?

A

1936

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21
Q

Who is the proponent of the Cognitive Theory?

A

Jean Piaget

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22
Q

The theory of psychology focuses on the coordination of body and brain and how thoughts and emotions have a physical basis in the brain.

A

Behavioral Neuroscience

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23
Q

Who is the proponent of Sociocultural Theory?

A

Leonard Doob

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24
Q

The theory of psychology emphasizes social and cultural influences on behavior.

A

Sociocultural Theory

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25
Q

When was the Sociocultural Theory developed?

26
Q

Who is the proponent/s of Behavioral Theory?

A

Ivan Pavlov and B. F. Skinner

27
Q

The theory of psychology emphasizes a person’s capacity for personal growth and the freedom to choose one’s own identity.

A

Humanistic Theory

28
Q

The theory of psychology emphasizes the adaption to the environment passed on from generation to generation.

A

Evolutionary Theory

29
Q

Who is the proponent of the Evolutionary Theory?

A

Charles Darwin

30
Q

When was the Evolutionary Theory developed?

31
Q

When was Psychoanalytic Theory developed?

32
Q

The theory of psychology focuses on the individual’s mental process controlling behavior through memories, perceptions, and thinking.

A

Cognitive Psychology

33
Q

What year was Humanistic Psychology developed?

34
Q

What are the influencing factors of the evolution of human behavior?

A
  • Biological variations/genetics
  • Personal experiences
  • Social relationships
  • Culture
  • Environment
35
Q

What does psychology being a discipline of multiple levels of analysis indicate?

A

New knowledge is gained from different vantage points.

36
Q

The theory of psychology that works on one’s strength

A

Positive Psychology

37
Q

Psychologists and Psychiatrists are medical doctors (T/F)

38
Q

What are the 2 types of decision-making?

A

Deductive reasoning
Inductive reasoning

39
Q

What is science?

A

A systematic approach to evidence that safeguards us against bias.

40
Q

Hypothesis

A

Testable statement, researchers predict will be the outcome of a study or experiment

41
Q

What is deductive reasoning?

A

The process of using general premises to come up with a conclusion

42
Q

What is inductive reasoning?

A

Testable prediction derived from scientific theory, general laws and principles.

43
Q

What are the 6 Principles of Scientific Theory?

A
  1. Rule out rival hypothesis
  2. Correlation is not causation
  3. Falsifiability
  4. Replicability
  5. Extraordinary claims need extraordinary evidence
  6. Occam’s Razor
44
Q

What principle of scientific theory questions if alternate explanations have been considered?

A

Rule out rival hypothesis

45
Q

What principle of scientific theory is “can we be sure A causes B?”

A

Correlation is not causation

46
Q

What principle of scientific theory is “can the claim be disproven?”

A

Falsifiability

47
Q

What principle of scientific theory challenges if the results can be duplicated?

A

Replicability

48
Q

What principle of scientific theory requires evidence and claims to be equally convincing?

A

Extraordinary claim needs extraordinary evidence

49
Q

What principle of scientific theory asks if there is a simpler explanation?

A

Occam’s Razor

50
Q

It is the set of skills for evaluating all claims in an open-minded and careful fashion

A

Critical Thinking

51
Q

An approach of evaluating all claims with an open mind but insisting on persuasive evidence before accepting them.

A

Scientific Skepticism

52
Q

It is the tendency to make decisions or take action in an illogical manner

A

Psychological Bias

53
Q

Tendency to seek out evidence that supports our beliefs hypothesis, and deny/dismiss reports that contradict them

A

Confirmation Bias

54
Q

Tendency to stick to our initial beliefs even when evidence contradicts them

A

Belief Perseverance

55
Q

Set of claims that seem scientific but aren’t; lacks the safeguards against confirmation bias and belief perseverance

A

Pseudoscience

56
Q

5 Differences of Science and Pseudoscience

A
  • Science has verifiable results while pseudoscience has non-repeatable.
  • Science invites criticism.
  • Science undergoes ruthless peer review.
  • Science has willingness to change/
  • Science has accurate measurement.
57
Q

What are the warning signs of pseudoscience?

A
  1. Ad hoc immunizing hypothesis
  2. Lack of self-correction
  3. Over Reliance on anecdotes
58
Q

Clinical psychologist

A

assess and treat mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders.

59
Q

Personality psychologist

A

examines how a patient’s personality influences how they interact with their environment.

60
Q

Industrial psychologist

A

use of psychology for the efficiency and health of workers in the office

61
Q

Counseling psychologist

A

help people recognize their strengths and resources to cope with everyday problems and serious adversity

62
Q

Sports psychologist

A

help athletes refine their focus on competition goals, become more motivated, and learn to deal with the anxiety and fear of failure that often accompanies competition

PSYNTRO (8 decks)

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