Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

PSYNTRO > Cognitive Psychology > Flashcards

Cognitive Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

The mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses

A

Cognition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

It is defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience.

A

Learning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

It is the ability to solve problems and to adapt and learn to the surrounding environment

A

Intelligence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

It is defined as the retention of information over time and involves the process of encoding, storage and retrieval.

A

Memory`

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

The type of learning where you acquire behaviors from the outcome or consequences of that behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is Classical Conditioning?

A

The type of learning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

It is the branch of psychology that studies how people perceive, learn, remember, and think about information

A

Cognitive psychology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

A Skinner box is most likely to be used in research on ___

A

Operant conditioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

It is the awareness and understanding of one’s own thought processes

A

Metacognition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Who is the proponent of Classical Conditioning?

A

Ivan Pavlov

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the types of learning? (4)

A

Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
Cognitive learning theory
Observational learning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

This is described as how much more quickly we reacquire something learned before

A

Recall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What experiment was done for the basis of classical conditioning?

A

Pavlov rang bells before presenting food to dogs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The fact that it is easier to recall items at the beginning and end of a list of unrelated items is known as the _____

A

Serial Position Effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Memories that concern events that are highly significant and are vividly remembered are called ___

A

Flashbulb Memories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Two or more learning opportunities that are spaced apart, or distributed, in time produce better learning than the same opportunities that occur in close succession

A

Distributed Practice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

For which famous memory researcher is memory a problem-solving activity in which the problem is to give a coherent account of some past event, and the memory is the solution to that problem

A

Ebbinghaus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Who believed that intelligence is based on one’s sensory capacity and people with better senses acquire more knowledge

A

Francis Galton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Daniel Goleman suggested that ____ is a more powerful influence on life than more traditional views

A

Emotional intelligence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Intelligent behavior does not arise from a general factor, but rather emerges from seven independent factors that Louis Thurnstone called:

A

Primary Mental Abilities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Who suggested that there are two factors for measuring intelligence: the G factor and specific factors

A

Charles Spearman

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Characterized by childhood onset of low IQ (below 70) and inability to engage in adequate daily functioning

A

Intellectual Disability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Who posited the Triarchich Theory of Intelligence, which states there are three aspects that makes a person smart?

A

Robert Sternberg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is Crystallized Intelligence?

A

The accumulated knowledge gained over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is Fluid Intelligence?
The capacity to learn new ways of solving problems
26
When was classical conditioning found?
1897
27
When was operant conditioning found?
1937
28
Who is the proponent of operant conditioning?
B. F. Skinner
29
Who are the proponents of cognitive learning theory?
Piaget, Tolman and Seligman
30
When was cognitive learning theory found?
1936
31
When was observational learning found?
1963
32
Who is the proponent of observational learning?
Albert Bandura
33
How is classical conditioning related to behaviorism?
It finds the roots in behaviorism and measures observable behaviors and events.
34
How is operant conditioning connected to behaviorism?
It associates behavior and consequence
35
How is cognitive learning theory connected to behaviorism?
Use of feedback to direct behavior and mental connections
36
What does observational learning indicate?
Learning can be done simply from observations
37
What are the three processes involved in memory?
Encoding Storage Retrieval
38
Classical conditioning involves what stimuluses and responses
Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) Unconditioned response (UCR) Conditioned stimulus (CS) Conditioned response (CR)
39
How is classical conditioning applied?
Advertising
40
The outcome or consequence of a behavior that strengths the probability of behavior
reinforcement
41
What are the two kinds of reinforcement?
Positive Negative
42
What is an application of operant conditioning?
Reinforce similar behaviors
43
What is the two process theory of classical and operant conditioning?
Acquirement of phobias via classical conditioning then the avoidance of their feared stimulus produces negative reinforcement
44
The kind of learning that examines how the human mind works while people learn
Cognitive Learning Theory
45
What is the formula to individual learning?
Internal factors x External factors = Individual learning
46
What is Piaget's Cognitive Development?
Children take an active role in the learning process
47
What is Tolman's Latent Learning?
Learning stays hidden until application
48
What is Seligman's Learned Helplessness
The failure to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures.
49
Who is the proponent of observational learning?
Albert Bandura
50
What elements must be present for observational learning to occur?
Attention Retention Reproduction Reinforcement
51
Explain Atkinson and Shiffrin Multi Store Model (MMS)
Information moves from sensory memory to short term memory (STM), to long term memory (LTM) and then back to STM in retrieval
52
Encoding takes place in what part of the MMS
When information moves to sensory memory
53
What part of the MMS is storage?
The STM and LTM
54
What part of the MMS does retrieval happen?
When info from LTM moves to STM
55
It is the memory system that retains information for a limited duration of time
STM
56
It is the memory system that is the relatively enduring store of information; it includes facts, experiences and skills we've developed over a lifetime
LTM
57
Where does sensory memory come from?
Environmental input is processed through senses
58
It is the physical environment with quantifiable and perceptible physical characteristics
Environmental input
59
It is the process of repeating information in STM to prolong its duration
Rehearsal
60
It is the process of recalling information intentionally
Explicit memory
61
It is the process of recalling information we don't remember deliberately (Tying our shoelaces)
Implicit memory
62
The process where brain selects, organizes and interprets sensation
Perception
63
It refers to the fact that perceptions are built from sensory input
Bottoms-up processing
64
It is how interpretations of sensations are influenced by available knowledge
Top-down processing
65
Refers to loss of information from memory or the failure in memory retrieval
Forgetting
66
What is recognition?
Selecting previously remembered information from an array of options
67
What is automatic encoding?
Information is taken and encoded without much effort
68
What can help us retrieve forgotten knowledge?
Recall vs Recognition Automatic encoding Retrieval cues
69
Who came up with the Forgetting curve model?
Hermann Ebbinghaus
70
What does Ebbinghaus' Forgetting Curve state?
Your memory for new information decays quickly and then eventually levels out
71
What is memory decay?
Memory fades over time
72
What is interference?
The loss of information due to competition with new information
73
Who believed that intelligence has something to do with abstract thinking or the capacity to understand hypothetical concepts?
Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon
74
What are the theories on intelligence? (5)
Two Factor theory (G-factor) Primary Mental Abilities Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence Triarchic Theory of Intelligence Multiple Intelligences
75
What is the G factor?
Common underlying construct to intelligences
76
What are specific factors?
Measure of skills in narrow domains
77
Who proposed the Primary mental abilities (PMA)?
Louis Thurstone
78
What is the PMA?
Intelligent behavior emerges from 7 independent factors called primary abilities
79
What are the primary abilities?
Numerical ability Spatial perception perceptual speed reasoning memory verbal comprehension verbal fluency
80
Who proposed fluid and crystallized intelligence?
Cattell and Horn
81
Relation of fluid and crystallized intelligence
Fluid intelligence "flows" into crystallized intelligence over time
82
What are the three aspects of the Triarchic theory of intelligence?
Analytical Practical Creative
83
Book smarts
Analytical intelligence
84
Street smarts
Practical intelligence
85
Ability to come up with novel and effective answers
Creative intelligence
86
What are the five components of creative thinking?
Expertise Imaginative thinking Risk taking Intrinsic interest Working in creative environments
87
Who proposed Multiple Intelligences?
Howard Gardner
88
What does the multiple intelligences state?
intelligence includes eight multiple forms
89
What are the eight distinct intelligences of multiple intelligences?
Verbal-linguistic mathematical-logical musical visual-spatial kinesthetic interpersonal intrapersonal naturalist
90
Verbal skills and sensitivity to sound, meaning and rhythm of words
verbal linguistic
91
conceptual and abstract thinking; capacity to discern logical or numerical patterns
mathematical logical
92
produce and appreciate rhythm, pitch and timbre
musical
93
think in images and pictures; visualize accurately and abstractly
visual spatial
94
control one's body and handle objects skillfully
kinesthetic
95
detect and respond to others moods, motivations and desires
interpersonal
96
self awarer and in tune with inner feelings, values, beliefs and thinking processes
intrapersonal
97
recognize and categorize plants, animal and other objects in nature
naturalist
98
Formula of IQ
Mental age/chronological age x 100
99
What are the measures of intelligence?
IQ Bell Curve of Intelligence Stanford Binet WAIS Culture Fair
100
Measure of intelligences that uses verbal and non verbal subtests for fluid reasoning, quantitative reasoning, knowledge, working memory and visual-spatial processing
Stanford Binet test
101
Measure of intelligences that is the most commonly used; it uses verbal and performance subtests in verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory and processing speed; it gets the overall IQ
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
102
Measure of intelligences that consists of abstract-reasoning
Culture-Fair
103
What was the result of the abuse of IQ tests?
Eugenics movement
104
The science of using controlled, selective breeding to improve qualities of human race
Eugenics
105
What are the 4 levels of intellectual disability?
Mild moderate severe profound
106
How can intellectual disability be caused by the environment?
exposure to lead and mercury
107
Level of intellectual disability where there is possible employment and independent living
mild
108
Level of intellectual disability where there is basic reading and writing skills, self care and needs some oversight
Moderate
109
Level of intellectual disability where daily oversight is needed
Severe
110
Level of intellectual disability where there is a need for intensive oversight
Profound
111
The ability to perceive, use, manage and understand emotions
Emotional intelligence
112
How are the learning theories connected to behaviorism?
They indicate that their is an underlying thought process to behavior

PSYNTRO (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions