Cognitive Psychology Flashcards
The mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses
Cognition
It is defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience.
Learning
It is the ability to solve problems and to adapt and learn to the surrounding environment
Intelligence
It is defined as the retention of information over time and involves the process of encoding, storage and retrieval.
Memory`
What is operant conditioning?
The type of learning where you acquire behaviors from the outcome or consequences of that behavior
What is Classical Conditioning?
The type of learning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus.
It is the branch of psychology that studies how people perceive, learn, remember, and think about information
Cognitive psychology
A Skinner box is most likely to be used in research on ___
Operant conditioning
It is the awareness and understanding of one’s own thought processes
Metacognition
Who is the proponent of Classical Conditioning?
Ivan Pavlov
What are the types of learning? (4)
Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
Cognitive learning theory
Observational learning
This is described as how much more quickly we reacquire something learned before
Recall
What experiment was done for the basis of classical conditioning?
Pavlov rang bells before presenting food to dogs
The fact that it is easier to recall items at the beginning and end of a list of unrelated items is known as the _____
Serial Position Effect
Memories that concern events that are highly significant and are vividly remembered are called ___
Flashbulb Memories
Two or more learning opportunities that are spaced apart, or distributed, in time produce better learning than the same opportunities that occur in close succession
Distributed Practice
For which famous memory researcher is memory a problem-solving activity in which the problem is to give a coherent account of some past event, and the memory is the solution to that problem
Ebbinghaus
Who believed that intelligence is based on one’s sensory capacity and people with better senses acquire more knowledge
Francis Galton
Daniel Goleman suggested that ____ is a more powerful influence on life than more traditional views
Emotional intelligence
Intelligent behavior does not arise from a general factor, but rather emerges from seven independent factors that Louis Thurnstone called:
Primary Mental Abilities
Who suggested that there are two factors for measuring intelligence: the G factor and specific factors
Charles Spearman
Characterized by childhood onset of low IQ (below 70) and inability to engage in adequate daily functioning
Intellectual Disability
Who posited the Triarchich Theory of Intelligence, which states there are three aspects that makes a person smart?
Robert Sternberg
What is Crystallized Intelligence?
The accumulated knowledge gained over time
What is Fluid Intelligence?
The capacity to learn new ways of solving problems
When was classical conditioning found?
1897
When was operant conditioning found?
1937
Who is the proponent of operant conditioning?
B. F. Skinner
Who are the proponents of cognitive learning theory?
Piaget, Tolman and Seligman
When was cognitive learning theory found?
1936
When was observational learning found?
1963
Who is the proponent of observational learning?
Albert Bandura
How is classical conditioning related to behaviorism?
It finds the roots in behaviorism and measures observable behaviors and events.
How is operant conditioning connected to behaviorism?
It associates behavior and consequence
How is cognitive learning theory connected to behaviorism?
Use of feedback to direct behavior and mental connections
What does observational learning indicate?
Learning can be done simply from observations
What are the three processes involved in memory?
Encoding
Storage
Retrieval
Classical conditioning involves what stimuluses and responses
Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
Unconditioned response (UCR)
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
Conditioned response (CR)
How is classical conditioning applied?
Advertising
The outcome or consequence of a behavior that strengths the probability of behavior
reinforcement
What are the two kinds of reinforcement?
Positive
Negative
What is an application of operant conditioning?
Reinforce similar behaviors
What is the two process theory of classical and operant conditioning?
Acquirement of phobias via classical conditioning then the avoidance of their feared stimulus produces negative reinforcement
The kind of learning that examines how the human mind works while people learn
Cognitive Learning Theory
What is the formula to individual learning?
Internal factors x External factors = Individual learning
What is Piaget’s Cognitive Development?
Children take an active role in the learning process
What is Tolman’s Latent Learning?
Learning stays hidden until application
What is Seligman’s Learned Helplessness
The failure to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures.
Who is the proponent of observational learning?
Albert Bandura
What elements must be present for observational learning to occur?
Attention
Retention
Reproduction
Reinforcement
Explain Atkinson and Shiffrin Multi Store Model (MMS)
Information moves from sensory memory to short term memory (STM), to long term memory (LTM) and then back to STM in retrieval
Encoding takes place in what part of the MMS
When information moves to sensory memory
What part of the MMS is storage?
The STM and LTM
What part of the MMS does retrieval happen?
When info from LTM moves to STM
It is the memory system that retains information for a limited duration of time
STM
It is the memory system that is the relatively enduring store of information; it includes facts, experiences and skills we’ve developed over a lifetime
LTM
Where does sensory memory come from?
Environmental input is processed through senses
It is the physical environment with quantifiable and perceptible physical characteristics
Environmental input
It is the process of repeating information in STM to prolong its duration
Rehearsal
It is the process of recalling information intentionally
Explicit memory
It is the process of recalling information we don’t remember deliberately (Tying our shoelaces)
Implicit memory
The process where brain selects, organizes and interprets sensation
Perception
It refers to the fact that perceptions are built from sensory input
Bottoms-up processing
It is how interpretations of sensations are influenced by available knowledge
Top-down processing
Refers to loss of information from memory or the failure in memory retrieval
Forgetting
What is recognition?
Selecting previously remembered information from an array of options
What is automatic encoding?
Information is taken and encoded without much effort
What can help us retrieve forgotten knowledge?
Recall vs Recognition
Automatic encoding
Retrieval cues
Who came up with the Forgetting curve model?
Hermann Ebbinghaus
What does Ebbinghaus’ Forgetting Curve state?
Your memory for new information decays quickly and then eventually levels out
What is memory decay?
Memory fades over time
What is interference?
The loss of information due to competition with new information
Who believed that intelligence has something to do with abstract thinking or the capacity to understand hypothetical concepts?
Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon
What are the theories on intelligence? (5)
Two Factor theory (G-factor)
Primary Mental Abilities
Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence
Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
Multiple Intelligences
What is the G factor?
Common underlying construct to intelligences
What are specific factors?
Measure of skills in narrow domains
Who proposed the Primary mental abilities (PMA)?
Louis Thurstone
What is the PMA?
Intelligent behavior emerges from 7 independent factors called primary abilities
What are the primary abilities?
Numerical ability
Spatial perception
perceptual speed
reasoning
memory
verbal comprehension
verbal fluency
Who proposed fluid and crystallized intelligence?
Cattell and Horn
Relation of fluid and crystallized intelligence
Fluid intelligence “flows” into crystallized intelligence over time
What are the three aspects of the Triarchic theory of intelligence?
Analytical
Practical
Creative
Book smarts
Analytical intelligence
Street smarts
Practical intelligence
Ability to come up with novel and effective answers
Creative intelligence
What are the five components of creative thinking?
Expertise
Imaginative thinking
Risk taking
Intrinsic interest
Working in creative environments
Who proposed Multiple Intelligences?
Howard Gardner
What does the multiple intelligences state?
intelligence includes eight multiple forms
What are the eight distinct intelligences of multiple intelligences?
Verbal-linguistic
mathematical-logical
musical
visual-spatial
kinesthetic
interpersonal
intrapersonal
naturalist
Verbal skills and sensitivity to sound, meaning and rhythm of words
verbal linguistic
conceptual and abstract thinking; capacity to discern logical or numerical patterns
mathematical logical
produce and appreciate rhythm, pitch and timbre
musical
think in images and pictures; visualize accurately and abstractly
visual spatial
control one’s body and handle objects skillfully
kinesthetic
detect and respond to others moods, motivations and desires
interpersonal
self awarer and in tune with inner feelings, values, beliefs and thinking processes
intrapersonal
recognize and categorize plants, animal and other objects in nature
naturalist
Formula of IQ
Mental age/chronological age x 100
What are the measures of intelligence?
IQ
Bell Curve of Intelligence
Stanford Binet
WAIS
Culture Fair
Measure of intelligences that uses verbal and non verbal subtests for fluid reasoning, quantitative reasoning, knowledge, working memory and visual-spatial processing
Stanford Binet test
Measure of intelligences that is the most commonly used; it uses verbal and performance subtests in verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory and processing speed; it gets the overall IQ
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
Measure of intelligences that consists of abstract-reasoning
Culture-Fair
What was the result of the abuse of IQ tests?
Eugenics movement
The science of using controlled, selective breeding to improve qualities of human race
Eugenics
What are the 4 levels of intellectual disability?
Mild
moderate
severe
profound
How can intellectual disability be caused by the environment?
exposure to lead and mercury
Level of intellectual disability where there is possible employment and independent living
mild
Level of intellectual disability where there is basic reading and writing skills, self care and needs some oversight
Moderate
Level of intellectual disability where daily oversight is needed
Severe
Level of intellectual disability where there is a need for intensive oversight
Profound
The ability to perceive, use, manage and understand emotions
Emotional intelligence
How are the learning theories connected to behaviorism?
They indicate that their is an underlying thought process to behavior
