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PSYNTRO > Cognitive Psychology > Flashcards

Cognitive Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

The mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses

A

Cognition

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2
Q

It is defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience.

A

Learning

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3
Q

It is the ability to solve problems and to adapt and learn to the surrounding environment

A

Intelligence

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4
Q

It is defined as the retention of information over time and involves the process of encoding, storage and retrieval.

A

Memory`

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5
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

The type of learning where you acquire behaviors from the outcome or consequences of that behavior

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6
Q

What is Classical Conditioning?

A

The type of learning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus.

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7
Q

It is the branch of psychology that studies how people perceive, learn, remember, and think about information

A

Cognitive psychology

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8
Q

A Skinner box is most likely to be used in research on ___

A

Operant conditioning

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9
Q

It is the awareness and understanding of one’s own thought processes

A

Metacognition

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10
Q

Who is the proponent of Classical Conditioning?

A

Ivan Pavlov

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11
Q

What are the types of learning? (4)

A

Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
Cognitive learning theory
Observational learning

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12
Q

This is described as how much more quickly we reacquire something learned before

A

Recall

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13
Q

What experiment was done for the basis of classical conditioning?

A

Pavlov rang bells before presenting food to dogs

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14
Q

The fact that it is easier to recall items at the beginning and end of a list of unrelated items is known as the _____

A

Serial Position Effect

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15
Q

Memories that concern events that are highly significant and are vividly remembered are called ___

A

Flashbulb Memories

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16
Q

Two or more learning opportunities that are spaced apart, or distributed, in time produce better learning than the same opportunities that occur in close succession

A

Distributed Practice

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17
Q

For which famous memory researcher is memory a problem-solving activity in which the problem is to give a coherent account of some past event, and the memory is the solution to that problem

A

Ebbinghaus

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18
Q

Who believed that intelligence is based on one’s sensory capacity and people with better senses acquire more knowledge

A

Francis Galton

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19
Q

Daniel Goleman suggested that ____ is a more powerful influence on life than more traditional views

A

Emotional intelligence

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20
Q

Intelligent behavior does not arise from a general factor, but rather emerges from seven independent factors that Louis Thurnstone called:

A

Primary Mental Abilities

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21
Q

Who suggested that there are two factors for measuring intelligence: the G factor and specific factors

A

Charles Spearman

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22
Q

Characterized by childhood onset of low IQ (below 70) and inability to engage in adequate daily functioning

A

Intellectual Disability

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23
Q

Who posited the Triarchich Theory of Intelligence, which states there are three aspects that makes a person smart?

A

Robert Sternberg

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24
Q

What is Crystallized Intelligence?

A

The accumulated knowledge gained over time

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25
Q

What is Fluid Intelligence?

A

The capacity to learn new ways of solving problems

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26
Q

When was classical conditioning found?

A

1897

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27
Q

When was operant conditioning found?

A

1937

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28
Q

Who is the proponent of operant conditioning?

A

B. F. Skinner

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29
Q

Who are the proponents of cognitive learning theory?

A

Piaget, Tolman and Seligman

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30
Q

When was cognitive learning theory found?

A

1936

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31
Q

When was observational learning found?

A

1963

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32
Q

Who is the proponent of observational learning?

A

Albert Bandura

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33
Q

How is classical conditioning related to behaviorism?

A

It finds the roots in behaviorism and measures observable behaviors and events.

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34
Q

How is operant conditioning connected to behaviorism?

A

It associates behavior and consequence

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35
Q

How is cognitive learning theory connected to behaviorism?

A

Use of feedback to direct behavior and mental connections

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36
Q

What does observational learning indicate?

A

Learning can be done simply from observations

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37
Q

What are the three processes involved in memory?

A

Encoding
Storage
Retrieval

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38
Q

Classical conditioning involves what stimuluses and responses

A

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
Unconditioned response (UCR)
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
Conditioned response (CR)

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39
Q

How is classical conditioning applied?

A

Advertising

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40
Q

The outcome or consequence of a behavior that strengths the probability of behavior

A

reinforcement

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41
Q

What are the two kinds of reinforcement?

A

Positive
Negative

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42
Q

What is an application of operant conditioning?

A

Reinforce similar behaviors

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43
Q

What is the two process theory of classical and operant conditioning?

A

Acquirement of phobias via classical conditioning then the avoidance of their feared stimulus produces negative reinforcement

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44
Q

The kind of learning that examines how the human mind works while people learn

A

Cognitive Learning Theory

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45
Q

What is the formula to individual learning?

A

Internal factors x External factors = Individual learning

46
Q

What is Piaget’s Cognitive Development?

A

Children take an active role in the learning process

47
Q

What is Tolman’s Latent Learning?

A

Learning stays hidden until application

48
Q

What is Seligman’s Learned Helplessness

A

The failure to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures.

49
Q

Who is the proponent of observational learning?

A

Albert Bandura

50
Q

What elements must be present for observational learning to occur?

A

Attention
Retention
Reproduction
Reinforcement

51
Q

Explain Atkinson and Shiffrin Multi Store Model (MMS)

A

Information moves from sensory memory to short term memory (STM), to long term memory (LTM) and then back to STM in retrieval

52
Q

Encoding takes place in what part of the MMS

A

When information moves to sensory memory

53
Q

What part of the MMS is storage?

A

The STM and LTM

54
Q

What part of the MMS does retrieval happen?

A

When info from LTM moves to STM

55
Q

It is the memory system that retains information for a limited duration of time

A

STM

56
Q

It is the memory system that is the relatively enduring store of information; it includes facts, experiences and skills we’ve developed over a lifetime

A

LTM

57
Q

Where does sensory memory come from?

A

Environmental input is processed through senses

58
Q

It is the physical environment with quantifiable and perceptible physical characteristics

A

Environmental input

59
Q

It is the process of repeating information in STM to prolong its duration

A

Rehearsal

60
Q

It is the process of recalling information intentionally

A

Explicit memory

61
Q

It is the process of recalling information we don’t remember deliberately (Tying our shoelaces)

A

Implicit memory

62
Q

The process where brain selects, organizes and interprets sensation

A

Perception

63
Q

It refers to the fact that perceptions are built from sensory input

A

Bottoms-up processing

64
Q

It is how interpretations of sensations are influenced by available knowledge

A

Top-down processing

65
Q

Refers to loss of information from memory or the failure in memory retrieval

A

Forgetting

66
Q

What is recognition?

A

Selecting previously remembered information from an array of options

67
Q

What is automatic encoding?

A

Information is taken and encoded without much effort

68
Q

What can help us retrieve forgotten knowledge?

A

Recall vs Recognition
Automatic encoding
Retrieval cues

69
Q

Who came up with the Forgetting curve model?

A

Hermann Ebbinghaus

70
Q

What does Ebbinghaus’ Forgetting Curve state?

A

Your memory for new information decays quickly and then eventually levels out

71
Q

What is memory decay?

A

Memory fades over time

72
Q

What is interference?

A

The loss of information due to competition with new information

73
Q

Who believed that intelligence has something to do with abstract thinking or the capacity to understand hypothetical concepts?

A

Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon

74
Q

What are the theories on intelligence? (5)

A

Two Factor theory (G-factor)
Primary Mental Abilities
Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence
Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
Multiple Intelligences

75
Q

What is the G factor?

A

Common underlying construct to intelligences

76
Q

What are specific factors?

A

Measure of skills in narrow domains

77
Q

Who proposed the Primary mental abilities (PMA)?

A

Louis Thurstone

78
Q

What is the PMA?

A

Intelligent behavior emerges from 7 independent factors called primary abilities

79
Q

What are the primary abilities?

A

Numerical ability
Spatial perception
perceptual speed
reasoning
memory
verbal comprehension
verbal fluency

80
Q

Who proposed fluid and crystallized intelligence?

A

Cattell and Horn

81
Q

Relation of fluid and crystallized intelligence

A

Fluid intelligence “flows” into crystallized intelligence over time

82
Q

What are the three aspects of the Triarchic theory of intelligence?

A

Analytical
Practical
Creative

83
Q

Book smarts

A

Analytical intelligence

84
Q

Street smarts

A

Practical intelligence

85
Q

Ability to come up with novel and effective answers

A

Creative intelligence

86
Q

What are the five components of creative thinking?

A

Expertise
Imaginative thinking
Risk taking
Intrinsic interest
Working in creative environments

87
Q

Who proposed Multiple Intelligences?

A

Howard Gardner

88
Q

What does the multiple intelligences state?

A

intelligence includes eight multiple forms

89
Q

What are the eight distinct intelligences of multiple intelligences?

A

Verbal-linguistic
mathematical-logical
musical
visual-spatial
kinesthetic
interpersonal
intrapersonal
naturalist

90
Q

Verbal skills and sensitivity to sound, meaning and rhythm of words

A

verbal linguistic

91
Q

conceptual and abstract thinking; capacity to discern logical or numerical patterns

A

mathematical logical

92
Q

produce and appreciate rhythm, pitch and timbre

A

musical

93
Q

think in images and pictures; visualize accurately and abstractly

A

visual spatial

94
Q

control one’s body and handle objects skillfully

A

kinesthetic

95
Q

detect and respond to others moods, motivations and desires

A

interpersonal

96
Q

self awarer and in tune with inner feelings, values, beliefs and thinking processes

A

intrapersonal

97
Q

recognize and categorize plants, animal and other objects in nature

A

naturalist

98
Q

Formula of IQ

A

Mental age/chronological age x 100

99
Q

What are the measures of intelligence?

A

IQ
Bell Curve of Intelligence
Stanford Binet
WAIS
Culture Fair

100
Q

Measure of intelligences that uses verbal and non verbal subtests for fluid reasoning, quantitative reasoning, knowledge, working memory and visual-spatial processing

A

Stanford Binet test

101
Q

Measure of intelligences that is the most commonly used; it uses verbal and performance subtests in verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory and processing speed; it gets the overall IQ

A

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

102
Q

Measure of intelligences that consists of abstract-reasoning

A

Culture-Fair

103
Q

What was the result of the abuse of IQ tests?

A

Eugenics movement

104
Q

The science of using controlled, selective breeding to improve qualities of human race

A

Eugenics

105
Q

What are the 4 levels of intellectual disability?

A

Mild
moderate
severe
profound

106
Q

How can intellectual disability be caused by the environment?

A

exposure to lead and mercury

107
Q

Level of intellectual disability where there is possible employment and independent living

A

mild

108
Q

Level of intellectual disability where there is basic reading and writing skills, self care and needs some oversight

A

Moderate

109
Q

Level of intellectual disability where daily oversight is needed

A

Severe

110
Q

Level of intellectual disability where there is a need for intensive oversight

A

Profound

111
Q

The ability to perceive, use, manage and understand emotions

A

Emotional intelligence

112
Q

How are the learning theories connected to behaviorism?

A

They indicate that their is an underlying thought process to behavior

PSYNTRO (8 decks)

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