Foundations in Biology Module 3.3 Carbohydrates Flashcards
What does carbohydrates mean
hydrated carbon
What is one single sugar unit called
A monosaccharide
What is the name of 2 monosaccharides joined together
Disaccharide
What are examples of monosaccharides
- Glucose
- Fructose
- Galactose
- Ribose
What are examples of disaccharides
- maltose
- sucrose
- lactose
Glucose is a ……….. monosaccharide
Why
Hexose - consists of 6 carbon atoms
What are the 2 types of glucose molecules
- Alpha glucose
- Beta glucose
What is the difference between alpha and beta glucose
The hydroxyl group on the 1st carbon are in opposite positions
Glucose molecules are 1…………. and 2…………. in water because 3………… can be formed between hydroxyl groups and water
What does this allow
- polar
- soluble
- hydrogen
Glucose to dissolve in the cytosol of the cell
What is a condensation reaction
A reaction that takes place that has water as one of its products
What bonds are formed when glucose molecules join together (covalent bond)
glycosidic bond
What makes maltose
Glucose and glucose
What makes sucrose
Fructose and glucose
What makes lactose
Galactose and glucose
What bond is made between two glucose molecules
1,4 glycosidic bond
What is the order of sweetness between glucose fructose and galactose
Fructose > glucose > galactose
What is a pentose monosaccharide
Contains 5 carbon atoms
What are the 2 examples of pentose monosaccharides
Ribose - RNA nucleotides
Deoxyribose - DNA nucleotides
What is starch
Glucose stored in plants
What is glycogen
Glucose stored in animals and fungi
Starch and glycogen are
Chemical energy stores
What are the 2 polysaccharides in starch
Amylose
Amylopectin
What are the features of amylose
- formed by alpha glucose molecules
- forms 1,4 glycosidic bonds
- long-chain of glucose which twists forming a helix
- Making it more compact
- less soluble than glucose
What are the features of amylopectin
- forms 1,4 glycosidic bonds and 1,6 glycosidic bonds
- is a branched structure
- Insoluble in water
How often are 1,6 glycosidic bonds formed in amylopectin
Every 25 glucose subunits
What are the features of glycogen
- more branches formed than amylopectin
- Making it more compact
- less space is needed for it to be stored
- Insoluble in water
What does branching of amylopectin and glycogen allow
Many free ends where glucose can be removed or added
Define hydrolysis
Addition of water to break bonds
What is cellulose made out of
Beta glucose joined together
How can beta glucose molecules join together
The alternate beta glucose molecule should be turned upside down
What are the features of cellulose
- straight chain molecule because it can’t coil or form branches
What bonds allow cellulose molecules to join together and make microfibrils
Hydrogen bonds
Order these:
Macrofibrils
Cellulose
Fibres
Microfibrils
Cellulose
Microfibrils
Macrofibrils
Fibres
The strong insoluble fibres made by Macrofibrils are used to make
Cell walls
