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Biology A - Level > Foundations in Biology Module 2.4 Eukaryotic cell structure > Flashcards

Foundations in Biology Module 2.4 Eukaryotic cell structure Flashcards

1
Q

Define a cell

A

the basic unit of all living things

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2
Q

What are the 2 types of cells

A
  • Eukaryotic cell
  • Prokaryotic cell
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3
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell

A

Single-celled organisms which contain a simple structure

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4
Q

Example of prokaryotic cell

A

Bacteria

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5
Q

What is a eukaryotic cell

A

Multicellular organisms which have a complicated internal structure
Contain membrane-bound organelles

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6
Q

Examples of eukaryotic cells

A

Animal, plant and fungi

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7
Q

Define metabolism

A

All the chemical reactions that take place in an organism

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8
Q

What is the role of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

A

Has ribosomes bound to the surface
- Is responsible for the synthesise and transport of proteins

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9
Q

What is the role of the mitochondria

A

The site of the final stage of cellular respiration, where energy is released in the form of ATP.
Consists of a double membrane

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10
Q

What are the 4 main features of the mitochondria

A
  • outer membrane
  • inner membrane (highly folded)
  • cristae (folds)
  • matrix(fluid)
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11
Q

What does the inner membrane of mitochondria contain

A

Enzymes that are used in aerobic respiration

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12
Q

What is the name of DNA found in the mitochondria

A

Mitochondrial DNA

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13
Q

What is the role of the nucleolus

A

Area within the nucleus which is responsible for producing ribosomes
- It is composed of proteins and RNA

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14
Q

In the nucleolus, what is RNA used for

A

To make ribosomal RNA(rRNA)

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15
Q

When is the nucleolus visible

A

When cells are preparing to divide

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16
Q

What is the role of the cytoplasm

A
  • Where chemical reactions take place
  • Contains cytoskeleton
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17
Q

What is the cytoskeleton and what is it’s role in the cell

A

A network of fibres necessary for shape and stability of the cell
- It controls cell movement and the movement of organelles within cells.

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18
Q

What 4 things does the cytoskeleton consist of

A
  • Microfilaments
  • Microtubules
  • Intermediate fibres
  • Centrioles
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19
Q

What are microfilaments

A

contractible fibres formed from the protein actin

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20
Q

What is the role of microfilaments

A
  • They are responsible for cell movement and cell contraction during cytokinesis
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21
Q

What are microtubules and what is their role

A

Globular tubulin proteins polymerise to form tubes which are used to form a scaffold-like structure that determines the shape of the cell.

They act as tracks for movement of organelles including vesicles

22
Q

What are spindle fibres composed of

A

Microtubules

23
Q

What is the role of intermediate fibres

A

they give mechanical strength to cells and help maintain their integrity

24
Q

What is the role of the cell-surface membrane

A

It is selectively permeable
- It controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell and organelles
- controls which substances enter and exit cells

25
Q

What are vesicles and what is their role in the cell

A

Sacs that have storage and transport roles
- transport materials inside the cell

26
Q

What do lysosomes contain

A

Hydrolytic enzymes

27
Q

What is the role of lysosomes

A

The breaking down of waste material in the cell, including old organelles

28
Q

In the immune system why are lysosomes important

A

They break down pathogens ingested by phagocytic cells

29
Q

What organelle is involved in programmed cell death/apoptosis

A

lysosomes

30
Q

What are centrioles composed of

A

microtubules

31
Q

What are the roles of the centrioles

A
  • 2 associated centrioles form the centrosome which assemble and organise spindle fibres in cell division
  • Organisms with cilia and flagella - centrioles position them
32
Q

What is the role of the golgi apparatus

A

It is formed by cisternae
- It modifies proteins and lipids and packages them into vesicles

33
Q

What is the role of the nucleus

A
  • Contains coded genetic information in the form of DNA molecules
  • DNA directs the synthesis of all proteins required in the cell
  • DNA controls the metabolic activities of the cell
34
Q

Where is DNA found in the nucleus

A

Nuclear envelope is a double-membrane that protects DNA from damage in the cytoplasm

35
Q

What does the nuclear envelope contain that enables molecules to move into and out of the nucleus

A

Nuclear pores

36
Q

How is chromatin formed

A

DNA associates with histones (protein)

37
Q

How are chromosomes formed

A

Chromatin coils and condenses

38
Q

What is the role of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum(SER)

A

The site of lipid and carbohydrate synthesis and storage

39
Q

What is the role of ribosomes

A

The site of protein synthesis

40
Q

What are ribosomes constructed by

A

RNA molecules which are made in the nucleolus

41
Q

What 2 organelles contain their own ribosomes

A

Mitochondria and chloroplast

42
Q

What is the process of protein production

A
  1. Proteins synthesised on the ribosomes on the RER. Passed into it’s cisternae and packaged into vesicles.
  2. Vesicles containing proteins move towards the golgi appparatus
  3. Vesicles fuse with the golgi apparatus. Proteins are modified and repackaged into vesicles
  4. Vesicles(secretory) fuse with the cell-surface membrane releasing contents via exocytosis
43
Q

What is the role of the flagella(whip-like)

A

Enables cells mobility

44
Q

How can the flagella act as a sensory organelle

A

It can detect chemical changes in a cells environment

45
Q

What are the 2 types of cilia(hair-like)

A

Stationary cilia
Mobile cilia

46
Q

Where can stationary cilia be found

A

The surface of cells

46
Q

Where are stationary cilia important

A

Sensory organs e.g. the nose

47
Q

What is the role of mobile cilia

A

It beats in a rhythmic manner, creating a current, causing fluids/objects adjacent to the cell to move e.g. in the trachea to move mucus away from the lungs

48
Q

What is the 9+2 arrangement of a cilium( singular of Cilia)

A
  • 2 central microtubules
  • 9 microtubules surrounding the 2 central microtubules
49
Q

What causes the cilia to move in a beating motion

A

The pairs of parallel microtubules sliding over each other

Biology A - Level (5 decks)

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