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Italian Wine Scholar Unit 1 - Northern Italy > Foundation - History > Flashcards

Foundation - History Flashcards

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1
Q

Fossils of wild vitis vinifera vines have been found dating back to the ____.

A

Quaternary Period

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2
Q

When was the Quaternary Period?

A

250 mya

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3
Q

Indigenous tribes of the northwest

A

Rhaeti, Salassi, & Liguri

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4
Q

Indigenous tribe of the northeast

A

Veneti

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5
Q

Indigenous tribe of central Italy

A

Piceni

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6
Q

Indigenous tribe of the south

A

Samnites

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7
Q

Indigenous tribe of Sardegna

A

Nuragic people

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8
Q

What civilization first promoted the development of viticulture and wine trade in the western Mediterranean ?

A

The Phoenicians

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9
Q

Where in Italy did the Phoenicians have colonies?

A

Sicilia & Sardegna

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10
Q

In what modern territories did the Etruscan civilization develop?

A

Toscana & Umbria

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11
Q

The system of training vines high above ground using trees as natural supports developed by the Etruscans

A

Alberata or vite maritata all’albero

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12
Q

Where can vines trained in the alberata system still be found today?

A

Campania’s Aversa DOC

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13
Q

When did the Greeks begin to settle on the Italian peninsula?

A

Between the 8th and 6th centuries BC.

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14
Q

The name given by the Romans to the southern Italian territories occupied by Greek settlers

A

Magna Graecia (Great Greece)

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15
Q

What civilization had the greatest early impact on viticulture in northern and central Italy

A

The Etruscans

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16
Q

What civilization is most responsible for the early advancement of viticulture and winemaking in the south?

A

The Greeks

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17
Q

What did the Greeks call the south of Italy?

A

Oenotria “the land of vines”

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18
Q

Name a specific viticultural innovation that the Greeks introduced

A

The low head-training method for grapevines

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19
Q

What Greek god was linked most strongly with wine?

A

Dionysus

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20
Q

Who conquered the north between the 6th and 5th centuries BC?

A

The Celts

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21
Q

When did the Roman Republic begin?

A

4th century BC

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22
Q

What happened in 42 BC?

A

The first time the entire Italian territory was united and all were granted Roman citizenship

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23
Q

The written knowledge of the _____ formed the basis of viticultural practices adopted all over Europe up to the 17th century.

A

Romans
(Such as Columella, Cato the Elder, Horace, Virgilius, and Pliny the Elder)

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24
Q

Columella’s work “De re rustica” recommended what?

A

The ideal soils and wine growing areas for each grape variety.

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25
Q

Red or white?

Lazio’s Caecubum

A

White

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26
Q

Red or White?

Campania’s Falernum

A

White

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27
Q

Red or White?

Sicilia’s Mamertinum

A

White

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28
Q

Caecubum, Falernum, and Mamertinum are

A

White wines, that were particularly renowned and considered to be the first grand crus of Roman Italy

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29
Q

The wines drunk by the Romans were often _____ and _____ .

A

Sweet & Alcoholic

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30
Q

T / F

The Romans diluted their wine with water

A

True

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31
Q

T / F

Roman wine was often flavored and stabilized with a mixture of sea water, resin, herbs, spices, and honey.

A

True

32
Q

Under which Roman Emperor did the wines of Northern Italy begin to acquire respect and esteem?

A

Augustus

33
Q

Rhaeticum (Retico) was produced where?

A

Veneto near Verona (modern day Valpolicella)

34
Q

Pucinum was produced where?

A

Friuli Venezia Giulia

35
Q

What civilization is responsible for spreading the culture of wine and the cultivation of vines in Europe?

A

The Romans

36
Q

Who was the first Roman Emperor

A

Augustus

37
Q

Vineyards began replacing _____ causing a problem such that the Roman Emperor Domitian had to issue an edict forbidding the planting of new vines in 92 AD.

A

Wheat

38
Q

What happened in 330 AD

A

Emperor Constantine moved the capital from Rome to Constantinople

39
Q

Name the capitals of the Western Roman Empire

A

Milano then Ravenna

40
Q

What happened in 476 AD

A

The fall of the Western Roman Empire

41
Q

Which are the Papal States?

A

Lazio, Marche, Umbria, and part of Emilia-Romagna

42
Q

Occupied Northern Italy from 568-756

A

The Lombards

43
Q

Occupied Sicily in the 10th Century

A

The Arabs

44
Q

Defeated the Arabs and took over Sicily and Southern Italy

A

The Normans

45
Q

The name for the small political municipality in Italy

A

Comuni

46
Q

Developed around major towns or cities and evolved into city-states

A

Comuni

47
Q

Who was Pier de Crescenzi?

A

Renowned 14th century agronomist

48
Q

Metayage (Mezzadria) in English

A

Share-cropping

49
Q

Name 4 of the most import comuni in the 13th century

A

Milano, Bologna, Firenze, and Parma

50
Q

Noble families in the 14th century who, thanks to their influence and wealth, were able to control the destiny of the comuni

A

The signorie

51
Q

Signoria in English:

A

Lordship

52
Q

The signoria in Firenze

A

The Medici

53
Q

The signoria in Milano

A

The Sforza

54
Q

The signoria in Mantova

A

The Gonzaga

55
Q

13-14th Century, some of the Italian coastal cities that became trade and military centers were referred to as the:

A

Maritime Republics

56
Q

13-14th century, why did wine producers focus on foreign rather than domestic markets

A

The many political entities had duties, tolls, and different units of measure.

57
Q

Rinascimento in English

A

Italian Renaissance

58
Q

What discovery in 1492 marked the beginning of a deep economic crisis in Italy

A

The America’s

59
Q

Why did the discovery of the America’s hurt the Italian economy

A

The Mediterranean trade routes lost importance

60
Q

Corks and glass bottles became common in Europe during the 17th and 18th centuries. When did they become widespread in Italy?

A

19th century

61
Q

What catastrophe hit the wine regions of Europe in 1709

A

The winter freeze of 1709

62
Q

What impact did the winter freeze of 1709 have on grape varieties?

A

Many growers replanted with cold-resistant varieties like Trebbiano and Verduzzo

63
Q

In 1720, the Duchy of Savoy became _____ and a major political power in Italy.

A

The Kingdom of Sardegna

64
Q

What did many of the most famous and prestigious wines such as Barolo, Chianti, and Brunello di Montalcino do in the 19th century

A

Adopt their contemporary styles and/or blending formulas

65
Q

This movement was at the base of Italy’s political unification from 1815 onwards

A

Il Risorgimento (the Resurgence)

66
Q

King Vittorio Emanuele II di Savoia

A

King of Sardegna during il Risorgimento

67
Q

Camillo Benso Count of Cavour

A

Prime Minister during il Risorgimento

68
Q

General Giuseppe Garibaldi

A

The strongest and most active advocate of Italian unification

69
Q

March 17, 1861

A

The United Kingdom of Italy was declared

70
Q

The ravages of phylloxera in the 19th and 20th century resulted in ______

A

Planting of a considerable quantity of international varieties

71
Q

Many indigenous grape varieties were never replanted after what catastrophe in the 19th and 20th century

A

Phylloxera

72
Q

After what event did Trentino, Alto Adige, and the remaining part of Friuli Venezia Giulia become part of Italy

A

First World War

73
Q

What decade did the first single vineyard wines appear in Barolo

A

1960’s

74
Q

Vernaccia di San Gimignano was the first

A

DOC (1966)

75
Q

What decade was the second wine renaissance ?

A

1990’s

Italian Wine Scholar Unit 1 - Northern Italy (13 decks)

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