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Italian Wine Scholar Unit 1 - Northern Italy > Foundation - Grape Varieties & Winemaking > Flashcards

Foundation - Grape Varieties & Winemaking Flashcards

1
Q

What allowed so many of Italy’s native grapes to survive until the modern age?

A

The historical isolation of many wine growing areas

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2
Q

T/F

Some indigenous varietals have adapted so well to the sound and climatic conditions of specific areas in the country that they are difficult to grow outside their original home

A

True

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3
Q

Name a famous Italian grape variety that is hard to grow outside of its original home

A

Nebbiolo

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4
Q

The majority of Italy’s native grapes ripen _____

A

Late

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5
Q

The majority of Italy’s native grapes require _____ conditions in summer and early autumn to ripen fully

A

Warm

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6
Q

How many genetically distinct and commercially relevant indigenous grape varieties are estimated to be grown in Italy

A

350 - 600

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7
Q

Italy’s native grapes compose over ______ of the worlds total cultivated grape varieties (much more than France and Spain combined)

A

1/4

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8
Q

Why is having a plethora of indigenous grape varieties a major advantage for Italian producers?

A

They are able to offer unique and distinctive wines that cannot be replicated elsewhere

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9
Q

A first wave of plantings of international grapes of French and German origin were introduced by winemakers bringing back cuttings from trips in the early 19th century. What did they bring?

A
  • The Pinot Family
  • Chardonnay
  • Bordeaux Varieties (mainly Cabernet Franc & Merlot, but some Cabernet Sauvignon)
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10
Q

Sometimes political and military events occurred in Italian regions. As an example, when were many German varieties introduced to northeast Italy

A

When it was under the rule of the Austrian Empire

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11
Q

The second influx of international varieties took place after

A

The outbreak of phylloxera

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12
Q

Which had a greater impact on Italy’s wine industry: the first wave of bringing back cuttings in the 19th century or the second wave after phylloxera in the 20th?

A

They second wave - particularly in the northeastern regions

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13
Q

Of the huge number of grapes gotten in Italy, approximately ______ grapes can be considered to be widely cultivated

A

100

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14
Q

The most widely planted Italian grape overall

A

Sangiovese

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15
Q

Second most planted grape in Italy

A

Montepulciano

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16
Q

Fourth most planted grape in Italy

A

Merlot

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17
Q

Most planted red grape in Piemonte

A

Barbera

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18
Q

Most planted red grape in Sicilia

A

Nero d’Avola

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19
Q

Top 3 most planted white grape varieties

A

Catarratto Bianco
Trebbiano Toscano
Chardonnay

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20
Q

The majority of Chardonnay grown in Italy is used for:

A

Sparkling Wine Production

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21
Q

Fourth and Fifth most planted white grapes in Italy:

A

Glera
Pinot Grigio

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22
Q

Red or White?
Sangiovese

A

Red

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23
Q

Red or White?
Montepulciano

A

Red

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24
Q

Red or White?
Catarratto Bianco

A

White

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25
Red or White? Merlot
Red
26
Red or White? Trebbiano Toscano
White
27
Red or White? Barbera
Red
28
Red or White? Chardonnay
White
29
Red or White? Glera
White
30
Red or White? Pinot Grigio
White
31
Red or White? Nero d’Avola
Red
32
Red or White? Trebbiano Romagnolo
White
33
Red or White? Cabernet Sauvignon
Red
34
Red or White? Primitivo
Red
35
Red or White? Moscato Bianco
White
36
Red or White? Negro Amaro
Red
37
Red or White? Garganega
White
38
Red or White? Trebbiano Giallo
White
39
Red or White? Aglianico
Red
40
Red or White? Corvina
Red
41
Red or White? Syrah
Red
42
Red or White? Cabernet Franc
Red
43
Red or White? Grillo
White
44
Red or White? Ansonica (Inzolia)
White
45
Red or White? Dolcetto
Red
46
Red or White? Cannonau
Red
47
Red or White? Croatina
Red
48
Red or White? Nebbiolo
Red
49
Red or White? Trebbiano Abruzzese
White
50
Red or White? Pinot Nero
Red
51
Red or White? Lambrusco Salamino
Red
52
Pinot Grigio really arrived in Italy during what decade?
1970’s
53
Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc, and Cabernet Sauvignon really arrived in Italy during what decade?
1980’s
54
Since the _____ (decade), there has been such a substantial improvement in winemaking practices in Italy that many liken the change to a winemaking revolution.
1970’s
55
The influx of _____ (often from the EU), had transformed Italian cellars into some of the most modern winemaking facilities in the world
Capital
56
A facet of Italy’s qualitative leap in wine production since the 1970’s can also be attributed to a process of _____ with the more modern approaches and techniques
Experimentation
57
Over the years, producers have learned the right mix of _____ and _____ winemaking practices
Modern & Traditional
58
Is Chaptalization permitted in Italy?
No
59
“Arricchimento” in English
Must enrichment
60
Under what conditions is arricchimento permitted?
If allowed by a DOC or DOCG’s disciplinare
61
MCR stands for:
Mosto Concentrato Rettificato (rectified concentrated grape must)
62
_____ _____ is permitted but strictly regulated with parameters that vary based on the EU wine-growing classification
Acid Adjustment
63
Can zone CI acidify?
No
64
Can zone CI de-acidify?
Yes
65
Can zone CII de-acidify?
Yes
66
Can zone CII acidify?
Yes
67
Can zone CIII(b) de-acidify?
No
68
Can zone CIII(b) acidify?
Yes
69
In the early years of the winemaking revolution, _____ _____ _____ gradually replaced the traditional wood vessels
Stainless Steel Tanks
70
Is wood used in the fermentation process today?
Yes
71
Traditionally, cap management was performed by what method?
Punching down
72
Punching down had been mostly replaced by what 3 different methods?
Pumping over Submerging the cap Rotofermenters
73
Why do many high-quality producers of red wine tend to keep to longer macerations (3-4 weeks)?
The aim is to produce wines with more structure, complexity, and aging potential
74
Since the 1980s and 1990s, one of the more significant changes in Italian winemaking involves how red wines are _____ and _____ before release
Cellared, Matured
75
Term meaning cellared and matured in French
Élevage
76
2 Terms meaning cellared and matured in Italian
Maturazione, Invecchiamento
77
What 2 types of wood were Italian wines traditionally aged in?
Slavonian Oak, Chestnut
78
Italian name for the large Slavonian Oak or Chestnut casks used to age wine
Botti
79
Starting in the 1980s, what type of barrels began to be used
Small French oak barrels (225L barriques) and 900L tonneaux
80
Larger neutral casks are thought to enhance (2 answers)
Varietal character and terroir
81
Were white wines helped by the influx of new winemaking techniques in the 1970s?
Yes, tremendously so
82
Which wines were improved more by the new techniques and equipment of the 1970s? Red or White?
White
83
What traditional white wine making practice was almost completely abandoned?
Fermenting on skins
84
What was a drawback to the wave of clean, crisp white wines brought about by the new methods of the 1970s?
Lack of complexity and distinction
85
Traditional or Modern Winemaking Practice? Fermenting white wines on skins
Traditional
86
Traditional or Modern Winemaking Practice? Slow, Cool Fermentations
Modern
87
Traditional or Modern Winemaking Practice? Stainless Steel Tanks
Modern
88
Traditional or Modern Winemaking Practice? Cultured Yeasts
Modern
89
Traditional or Modern Winemaking Practice? Filtration and Centrifugation
Modern
90
Traditional or Modern Winemaking Practice? Elimination of oxygen contact
Modern
91
Traditional or Modern Winemaking Practice? Use of natural yeasts
Traditional
92
Particularly in northeast Italy, producers began to rethink the way white wines were made as they pushed back against
Uniformity of flavor profile
93
Natural yeasts are thought to have a fundamental relationship with _____
Terroir
94
“Territory” in Italian
Territorio
95
Fermentation and aging in wood adds _____ and _____ to white wine
Texture, Complexity
96
What traditional technique was re-introduced to extract more flavors from white wine?
Short, cold, maceration on skins (pre-fermentation)
97
Today, are Italian whites able to manifest their origin? (Is a Sauvignon Blanc from Friuli different from Alto Adige?)
Yes
98
Most the growth in Sparkling Wine in the last 30 years has happened in what part of Italy?
North
99
Most the growth in Sparkling Wine in the last 30 years has happened in what part of Italy?
North
100
The great majority of Italian sparkling wines are produced via the _____ method
Tank
101
The tank method is considered to be the most suitable for the production of _____ sparkling wines
Aromatic
102
DOC or DOCG? Asti
DOCG
103
DOC or DOCG? Conegliano Valdobbiadene
DOCG
104
DOC or DOCG? Prosecco
DOC
105
Aromatic grapes that produce fresh wines are typically meant for _____ consumption
Early
106
What is the Metodo Martinotti?
Tank method / Charmat Method
107
What is the difference between Federico Martinotti’s and Eugène Charmat’s sparkling wine production methods?
Metodo Martinotti (1895) is the same method - tank - but the Charmat method (1920’s) was done on an industrial scale
108
Metodo Classico
Traditional method
109
What can sparkling grapes achieve more easily in Italy to help wines made from them be more balanced than other sparkling?
Extra Ripeness
110
When sparkling wine made in the traditional method is made using riper grapes, less _____ is needed and the acidity is less ______
Dosage, Aggressive
111
What two grapes are the main grapes for traditional method sparkling wine in Italy?
Chardonnay and Pinot Nero
112
DOC or DOCG? Franciacorta
DOCG
113
DOC or DOCG? Trento
DOC
114
Yields for traditional method sparkling wines are required to be
Low
115
Traditional method sparkling wines are required to spend a long time _____
Aging on Lees
116
Frizzante
Lightly Sparkling / Semi-Sparkling
117
How much pressure is a frizzante bottle typically under?
1 - 2.5 atm
118
A wine region that notably specializes in frizzante
Emilia-Romagna
119
A winegrowing district that specializes in frizzante
Oltrepò Pavese in Lombardia
120
Rifermentazione naturale in bottiglia
Ancestral method
121
Metodo Ancestrale
Ancestral method
122
Talento
A disused term that was created to clearly identify quality Italian sparkling wines made in the traditional method (1996)
123
Italys tradition for sweet wine production pre-dates the ______ ______
Middle Ages
124
T/F Sweet wines in Italy are produced across the whole country
True
125
Method that consists of drying the grapes after harvest in order to concentrate sugars, acids, and flavors
Appassimento
126
Muffia Nobile
Noble Rot
127
Rosato
Rosé
128
Area in Puglia known for its production of rosé
Salento
129
Lake Garda is known for its production of
Rosé
130
Italian rosatos are produced either by _____ _____ or ______
Direct Press , Salasso
131
Salasso
Bleeding the Tank (Rosé production)
132
Salasso
Bleeding the Tank (Rosé production)

Italian Wine Scholar Unit 1 - Northern Italy (13 decks)

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