Fortified Wines Flashcards
T or F: Sherry, Port, Madeira, and Marsala must be fortified with grape-based neutral spirit?
True
T or F: Manzanilla Sherry can only be produced and matured in Sanlúcar de Barrameda.
True
Fortification of Port happens ________ in the winemaking process than in the fortification of Oloroso Sherry.
Earlier
Match the following producers to the style of wine they produce.
A. Dow’s
B. Tío Pepe
C. Henriques & Henriques
D. Marco de Bortoli
a) Port
b) Sherry
c) Madiera
d) Marsala
In the 18th century, ________ was the most popular style of wine in the American colonies.
Madiera
What is the French term for the process of fortifying a wine during fermentation?
Mutage
Colheita Madeira is made using which production method?
Cantiero
Select the style(s) of wine produced in Banyuls AOP.
Fortified Rose
Fortified White
Fortified Red
Match the Vin de Liqueur to the region it is produced in: A. Macvin B. Ratafia C. Floc de Gascogne D. Pineau des Charentes
a) Jura
b) Chamapgne
c) Gascogne
d) Cognac
T/F: There are no fortified DOCG wines.
True
Match the Muscat-based fortified wine to its country of origin. A. Muscat of Samos B. Muscatel de Sétubal C. Muscat de Noël D. Massandra Pink Muscat
a) Greece
b) Portugal
c) France
d) Ukraine
Match the single quinta to its owner. A. Quinta do Sagrado B. Quinta da Roeda C. Quinta do Bomfim D. Quinta do Passadouro E. Quinta do Sao Luiz
a) Calem
b) Croft
c) Dow’s
d) Niepoort
e) Kopke
What does the term “poniente” refer to?
A cool, moist wind that blows into Southern Spain from the Atlantic
Where are you most likely to encounter patamares?
Duoro
Which of the following AOPs produce both still and fortified wine? A. Banyuls B. Rasteau C. Maury D. Bandol E. Rivesaltes
Maury
What styles of wine are produced in Banyuls?
Fortified white, rose, and red wines
List the following styles of Rutherglen Muscat in order of average age. Choice A. Classic B. Grand C. Rare D. Muscat
Muscat
Classic
Grand
Rare
Where is Commanderia St. John produced?
Cyprus
T/F: American producers that use terms such as Port and Sherry on their labels can sell those wines in the EU
False
What is the minimum average age of wines in a VORS solera?
30 years
What is sobretablas?
A 6-12 month aging period that culminates in a second sorting process for flor-aged Sherry
What is en rama?
Sherry that is unfiltered and unfined
What is a “mistelle?”
A wine that is fortified prior to fermentation beginning
What is the “lei do tergo?”
The Law of Thirds; a decree that restricts a port house from selling no more than 1/3 of its inventory annually
What is the “Beneficio Authorization?”
A grant assigned to a port house by the IVDP that alots the maximum amount of wine that may be fortified in a year
The traditional foot-crushing vessels for port wine?
Lagares
What are “Patamares?”
Wider terraces in the vineyards of the Duoro
What is “Beneficio?”
The fortification of wine with spirit
Port wine is typically fortified to this range? With what?
a) 19-22% ABV
b) Aguardente - a 77% ABV neutral grape spirit
Who pioneered the rose style of port in the late 2000’s?
Croft
What is the capacity of a pipe in the Duoro? In Vila Nova de Gaia?
a) 550L
b) 620L
Until 1986, aging of all ports was required to take place in?
Vila Nova de Gaia
How long is Ruby Port typically aged before bottling?
2-3 years
When most vintage port be bottled from cask by?
July 30th of the third year after harvest
Single Quinta Vintage Port is what kind of port? What can it take the place of in an inclement vintage?
a) Ruby Port
b) Vintage Port
Name a single quinta from the following houses:
a) Dow’s
b) Taylor
c) Warre
a) Quinta do Bonfim
b) Quinta de Vargellas
c) Quinta de Cavadinha
How long does LBV port typically spend in cask?
4-6 years
T/F: A LBV port is always the product of a single vintage?
True
What does “Envelhecido em Garraffa” mean?
An additional 3yrs bottle aging for a LBV port
How long does reserve Tawny age in cask before bottling?
7 years
What are the age designations permissible for tawny port?
10 year
20 year
30 year
40 year
Most consider this age of Tawny to be the pinnacle of its flavor curve?
20 year
What is a Colheita Tawny port?
A vintage-dated port that spends a minimum seven years in cask
Preferred red and white grapes of port:
a) Red (60% min of blend) - Touriga Nacional, Touriga Frasca, Tinta Roriz, Tinta Cao, Tinta Barroca, Bastardo
b) White - Guoveio, Malvasia, Esgana Cao, Viosinho
The “Torna Viagem” stands for what pertinent to Madiera?
Round-trips through the tropics while shipping
The two islands where Madiera DOP wines are produced?
Madeiera
Porto Santo
What are “Poios?”
Basalt stone terraces that house the vineyards of Madiera
What are “latadas?”
Low trellises for pergola training in the vineyards of Madiera
The regulating body of Madiera?
IVBAM - Embroidery and Handicraft Institute of Madeira
Name four of the eight production companies of Madiera.
Henriques & Henriques (the oldest)
Madiera Wine Co
D’Oliviera’s
Justino Henriques
The three types of Madiera exporters?
a) Independent wineries
b) Shipping companies that trade wine (select wines and label by shipper)
c) Partidistas - store wine and sell it at maturity to other traders for a profit
What is Sercial known locally as? Verdelho? Boal? Malmsey?
a) Esgana Cao
b) Gouveio
c) Bual
d) Malvasia Branca de Sao Jorge
This grape accounts for nearly 85% of Madiera production?
Tinta Negra
Wines from this grape produce fine styles of Madiera similar to that of Verdelho?
Terrantez
Amount of time that wine typically remains in the “estufa” for cooking?
At least 3mos
What is “Armazens de Calor?”
The warming of wine from rooms of warming tanks or steam pipes; an indirect and more gradual method of madierizing wine
The “Cantiero” process takes a minimum of how many years? Finest wines remain in cask for? Resulting in these; the most prized wines of Madiera?
a) At least two years
b) More than 20 years
c) Frasqueira
Which of the following grapes is known as Moscatel in Sherry country?
Muscat of Alexandria
What is the term for the additive used in the gradual and delicate fortification process of Fino Sherry?
Mitad y Mitad
List the four generally declared port vintages of the 21st century?
2000
2003
2007
2011
What is the highest alcohol content flor is able to withstand?
15.5%
What is the term for the Portuguese spirit commonly used for fortification?
Agaurdente
T/F: Porto, Madeira, and Muscatel do Sétubal have all been protected appellations longer than Douro.
True
Name the five best Port vintages between 1960 and 2000.
1963 1970 1977 1994 2000
List the following in order of their earliest possible release from earliest to latest (1 = earliest, 4 = latest). A. Rivesaltes Ambré B. Rivesaltes Grenat C. Rivesaltes Hors d'Age D. Rivesaltes Rosé
a)
b)
c)
d)
Fortification typically happens when with Madiera?
During fermentation; the earlier the fortification, the more residual sugar
What is “rainwater” Madeira?
A NV, 100% Tinta Negra wine popular in the USA. The youngest wine in the blend is no less than 3 years old
Arrange the NV styles of Madeira from least to most demanding aging requirements.
Seleccionado - 3-5yrs Reserva - 5-10yrs Reserva Especial - 10-15yrs Extra Reserve - 15-20yrs 20, 30, 40yrs
Name three types of vintage Madeiras and briefly describe each.
Colheita - single vintage (85%) aged at least 5yrs prior to bottling
Frasqueira - Vintage Madeira aged for a minimum of 20yrs produced by Cantiero method
Vinho da Roda - Wines that underwent an ocean journey across the equator
The three towns at the heart of Sherry producution?
Jerez de la Frontera
Sanlucar de Barrameda
El Puerto de Santa Maria
The two opposing winds in Jerez?
a) Levante - hot, dry wind that cooks the grapes on the vine
b) Poniente - humid, cooling breeze that promotes the growth of flor
The three principal soil types of Jerez DO? Which typically produces the finest wines?
a) Albariza, Barros, Arenas
b) Albariza - chalky and limestone-rich. Found in high concentration in Jerez superior, a region of gently-sloping hills between Sanlucar de Barrameda and the Guadalete river
What is a “pago?”
A vineyard
The three white grapes authorized for Sherry production?
Palomino
Moscatel
Pedro Ximenez
Palomino is also known as?
Listan
Moscatel and Pedro Ximenez are typically used for this style of Sherry?
Sweet styles
As plantings of PX have diminished, producers have been granted the ability to outsource from this DO?
Montilla-Moriles
What is “soleo?”
The drying of grape bunches in the sun
Explain “vara y pulgar?”
(Jerez) A system of vine training by which growers prune alternate spurs each year
The three stages of must quality in sherry production?
Primera Yema - Free Run
Segunda Yema - Press wine
Mosto Prensa - back end of press wine destined for distillation
Traditional fermentation vessel for Sherry? Contemporary?
a) New American oak butts (600L)
b) Stainless steel
The ABV of the base wine in Sherry?
11-12.5%
Fino and Manzanilla sherries are fortified to what ABV? Oloroso?
a) 15-15.5%
b) 17-18%
Four conditions that allow “flor” to flourish.
Humid-wind
Lack of fermentable sugars
60-70deg temperatures
An ABV of 15-15.5%
Explain “sobretablas?”
An intermediary stage of 6mos to a year where wines that are developing under flor may have their path redirected
Explain the following classifications of sherry:
a) Palma
b) Palma Cortado
c) Palo Cortado
d) Raya
e) Dos Raya
a) fine, delicate sherry that will emerge as a a top Fino
b) more robust fino, may emerge as an Amontillado
c) A wine that was on a Fino path, but its richness calls for fortification to 17%, destroying the flor and aging oxidatively
d) flor on the wine dies and the wine is further fortified for oloroso
e) flor has been destroyed and the wine is coarse; wines are blended or sweetened and destined for low-quality bottlings
What is the “Criadera?”
Top-tier of the solera pyramid where new wines enter
The movement of wines between different levels of the solera is known as?
Trasiegos
ABV range for the following styles:
a) Fino
b) Amontillado
c) Oloroso
a) 15-18%
b) 16-22%
c) 17-22%
The three-tier classification of Gereroso wines from Sanlucar de Barrameda?
Manzanilla Fina
Manzanilla Pasada
Manzanilla Olorosa
What is “Cabeceo?”
The sweetening/blending of a sherry before sale
What is Dulce Pasa?
Must of sunned Palomino grapes used for adjusting final sweetness of a sherry
What is Mistela?
Must of sunned PX grapes used for adjusting final sweetness of a sherry
What are Vino Dulce Natural wines?
Wines made solely from sunned PX or Moscatel grapes which is then fortified leaving anywhere from 180-500g/l RS
Explain requirements for VOS and VORS wines.
a) VOS (Very old sherry) - wines from a solera with an average age of no less than 20yrs
b) VORS (Very Old Rare Sherry) - wines from a solera with an average age of no less than 30yrs
The pioneer of Marsala production?
John Woodhouse
When is Marsala fortified?
During or after fermentation
The three colors of Marsala wine production.
Ambra (lower quality)
Oro
Rubino
White grapes used in the production of Oro and Ambra Marsalas?
Grillo
Catarratto
Inzolia
Damaschino
Rubino Marsalas can be produced from?
Calabrese (Nero d’Avola)
Perrifone
Nerello Mascalese
Give the RS ranges for the three permissible levels of sweetness in Marsala?
Secco - < 40g/l
Semisecco - 40-100g/l
Dolce - > 100g/l
Give the four tiers of cask aging classification for Marsala wines?
Fine - 1yr Superiore - 2yrs Superiore Riserva - 4yrs Vergine - 5yrs Vergine Stravecchio - 10yrs
In what style are Vergine Marsalas made?
Secco
The consumate producer of Marsala?
Marco de Bartoli
