Formulations and requirements of parenteral medicines

Question 1

Isosmoticity

Answer 1

If two solutions are separated by a perfectsemi-permeable membrane and there is no net movement of solvent, the solutions are isosmotic.

Question 2

Isotonicity

Answer 2

If two solutions respected by a biological membrane and remain in equilibrium, the solutions are isotonic with respect to the biological membrane.

Question 3

Osmolarity

Answer 3

Number of osmoles per litre of solution

Question 4

Osmolality

Answer 4

Number of osmoles per kg of solvent

Question 5

Extensive properties depend on…

Answer 5

the sample e.g. volume, mass

Question 6

Intensive properties

Answer 6

Characteristic of the substance and independent of the sample size e.g. density and concentration

Question 7

Colligative properties

Answer 7

Depend on the ratio of subtle particles to solent particles in the solution, not the identity of the solute

Question 8

Examples of colligative properties

Answer 8

Vapour point depression, boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, osmotic pressure

Question 9

Osmotic pressure

Answer 9

The external pressure that must be applied to prevent the movement of the solvent via osmosis

Question 10

Excessive infusion of hypotonic solutions can lead to

Answer 10

RBC sweeping, haemolysis, water entering tissues and cells, eventually water intoxication

Question 11

Excessive infusion of isotonic solutions can lead to

Answer 11

Increase in extracellular fluid volume and circulatory overload

Question 12

Excessive infusion of hypertonic solutions can lead

Answer 12

Hyperglycaemia, glycosuria and intercellular dehydration, osmotic diuresis, water and electrolyte loss, coma