Form and Function Flashcards
Chapter 40
anatomy
study of biological form of an organism
physiology
study of biological functions an organism performs
as animals get larger what happens to their skeletons/bodies?
they grow larger to accommodate the mass
what traits are one dimensional?
linear
what are examples of scaling factors that follow isometric predictions?
biting frog and chomping finches
how forcefully can a biting frog bite?
~35 newtons, ~25% weaker than snapping adult turtle (for their size)
true or false: Darwin finches bite harder than T. Rex?
true
evolutionary convergence
different species adapt to similar environmental challenges
what’s proportional to a cell’s SA?
rate of exchange of waste products, gas, and nutrients
what’s proportional to a cell’s volume?
amount of exchange material
describe multicellular organisms with sac-like body plans?
body walls that are only two cells thick,
facilitating diffusion of materials
true or false: single-celled protist living in water has sufficient surface are of plasma membrane to service its entire volume of cytoplasm
true
in flat animals the distance between the cells and the environment…?
is minimized, also in most flat animals
what organisms have highly folded internal surfaces for exchanging materials?
more complex organisms
hierarchal organization of body plan?
tissues–>organs–>organ systems
four categories of tissues?
epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
coordination and control rely on what systems?
endocrine and nervous
endocrine system
transmits hormones to receptive cells in body
homeostasis
main a steady state internationally regardless of external environment
negative feedback
return to normal range
positive feedback
amplifies stimulus
when do the set pts of homeostasis change?
with age
in plants and animals, what governs physiological changes that every 24 hours?
circadian rhythms
thermoregulation
process maintaining internal temperature
endothermic animals
animals generate hear
(birds and mammals)
ectothermic animals
gain heat from external sources (most inverts, fishes, amphibians)
advantage of endotherm? ectotherm?
endo: greater range of temp
ecto: gain heat from external
body temp of poikilotherm
varies w/ environment
body temp of hemotherm
relatively constant
four processes by which organisms exchange heat?
radiation, evaporation, convection, conduction
integumentary system
skin, hair, and nails; often involves heat regulation
five adaptations to help maintain thermoregulation
insulation, circulatory adaptations, cooling by evap. heat loss, behavioral responses, adjusting metabolic production
insulation
skin feathers, fur; birds and mammals; reduce heat flow
circulatory adaptation
regulation of blood flow near body surface
vasodilation
blood flow in the skin increases facilitating heat loss
cooling by evaporative heat loss
panting, sweating, bathing
behavioral responses
(endo and ecto), some terrestrial invert. have postures that max/minimize absorption of solar heata
adjusting metabolic production
thermogenesis, adjustment of metabolic heat production to maintain body temperature (shivering)
non-shivering thermogenesis
hormones cause mitochondria to increase their metabolic activity
thermoreg. is caused by what region of brain?
hypothalamus
metabolic rate
amount of energy an animal uses/time (determined by heat loss)
BMR
basal metab. rate; endo at rest (constant temp)
SMR
standard metab. rate; ecto at rest (specific temp)
Topor
activity low, meatbolism low
hibernation
long-term torpor = adaptation to winter/cold and food scarcity
