Animal Nutrition Flashcards
Chapter 41
herbivores
eat mainly autotrophs (ex. gorillas, cattle)
carnivores
eat other animals (ex. sharks, hawks)
omnivores
regularly consume animals as well as plants or algae (ex, humans, bears)
opportunistic feeders
animals take foods outside their main dietary category when these foods are available
what do all animals consume
bacteria along with other food
what three nutritional needs must be met for an animal’s diet?
- fuel: converted to ATP
- organic building blocks: synthesize organic molecules
- essential nutrients: required by cells
most of an animal’s ATP generation is based on?
oxidation of energy, carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, in cell. resp. (mononmers = fuel)
when do animals burn proteins?
after exhausting carbs and fats
what muscles store energy and in what form?
liver and muscle store energy in form of glycogen (polymer of glucose)
undernourishment
if the diet of a human or other animal is chronically deficient in calories
overnourishment
stores excess fat molecules instead of using them
what health problems can obesity lead to?
diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular disease, heart attacks, strokes
how does obesity arise?
hormone-related, genetic inheritance, genetic defect
what bodily functions require carbon?
growth, maintenance, reproduction
essential nutrients
materials that must be obtained in preassembled form because the animal’s cells cannot make them from any raw material
how many amino acids are essential? how many are needed to make proteins?
essential: 8
needed for proteins: 20
most ____ proteins are incomplete?
plant
Kwashiorkor
type of protein deficiency
how many vitamins are essential to the human diet?
13
large amounts of what are required for construction and maintenance of bone?
calcium and phosphorus
why can’t we use macromolecules directly?
1) polymers are too large to pass through membranes
2) not identical to those in food
enzymatic hydrolysis
process in digestion that
splits macromolecules by the enzymatic addition
of water
absorption
uptake of small nutrient molecules by an organism′s own body; the third main stage of food processing, after digestion
elimination
passing of undigested material out of the digestive compartment
intercellular digestion
joining of food vacuoles and lysosomes to allow
chemical digestion to occur within the cytoplasm of a cell (after phagocytosis)
extracellular digestion
breakdown of food outside cells
gastrovascular cavity
joining of food vacuoles and lysosomes to allow
chemical digestion to occur within the cytoplasm of a cell
complete digestive tract
digestive tube running between mouth and anus
mammalian digestive system
digestive tract and accessory glands
that secrete digestive juices
peristalsis
rhythmic waves of
contraction of smooth muscle that
push food along the digestive tract
sphincter
ring-like valve consisting of modified muscle in a muscular tube
pancreas
nonendocrine portion secretes digestive enzymes and an alkaline solution into the small
intestine via a duct
liver
largest organ in verts.
produces bile, prepares N water for disposal, detox blood
gallbladder
stores bile and releases it to small intestine
salivary amylase
enzyme that hydrolyzes starch and glycogen
pharynx
area in the vertebrate throat where air and
food passages cross; in flatworms, the muscular tube that protrudes from the ventral side of the worm and ends in the mouth
epiglottis
cartilaginous flap that blocks the top of the
windpipe, the glottis, during swallowing, which prevents the entry of food or fluid into the respiratory system
esophagus
channel that conducts food, by peristalsis,
from the pharynx to the stomach
meals are converted to what ACID in the stomach?
chyme; including HCl and pepsin
major organ of digestion and absorption
small intestine
large intenstine
aids the small intestine in reabsorbing water
and houses bacteria, some of which
synthesize vitamins
______ have longer digestive tracts than ____?
herbivores, carnivores
fermentation chambers
where symbiotic micro-organisms in herbivores digest cellulose
1) suspension feeder
2) fluid feeder
3) bulk feeder
4) deep sea gulper
1) humpback whale
2) mosquito
3) rock python
4) ???? eel
