Animal Nutrition Flashcards

Chapter 41

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1
Q

herbivores

A

eat mainly autotrophs (ex. gorillas, cattle)

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2
Q

carnivores

A

eat other animals (ex. sharks, hawks)

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3
Q

omnivores

A

regularly consume animals as well as plants or algae (ex, humans, bears)

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4
Q

opportunistic feeders

A

animals take foods outside their main dietary category when these foods are available

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5
Q

what do all animals consume

A

bacteria along with other food

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6
Q

what three nutritional needs must be met for an animal’s diet?

A
  • fuel: converted to ATP
  • organic building blocks: synthesize organic molecules
  • essential nutrients: required by cells
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7
Q

most of an animal’s ATP generation is based on?

A

oxidation of energy, carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, in cell. resp. (mononmers = fuel)

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8
Q

when do animals burn proteins?

A

after exhausting carbs and fats

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9
Q

what muscles store energy and in what form?

A

liver and muscle store energy in form of glycogen (polymer of glucose)

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10
Q

undernourishment

A

if the diet of a human or other animal is chronically deficient in calories

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11
Q

overnourishment

A

stores excess fat molecules instead of using them

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12
Q

what health problems can obesity lead to?

A

diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular disease, heart attacks, strokes

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13
Q

how does obesity arise?

A

hormone-related, genetic inheritance, genetic defect

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14
Q

what bodily functions require carbon?

A

growth, maintenance, reproduction

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15
Q

essential nutrients

A

materials that must be obtained in preassembled form because the animal’s cells cannot make them from any raw material

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16
Q

how many amino acids are essential? how many are needed to make proteins?

A

essential: 8
needed for proteins: 20

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17
Q

most ____ proteins are incomplete?

A

plant

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18
Q

Kwashiorkor

A

type of protein deficiency

19
Q

how many vitamins are essential to the human diet?

A

13

20
Q

large amounts of what are required for construction and maintenance of bone?

A

calcium and phosphorus

21
Q

why can’t we use macromolecules directly?

A

1) polymers are too large to pass through membranes
2) not identical to those in food

22
Q

enzymatic hydrolysis

A

process in digestion that
splits macromolecules by the enzymatic addition
of water

23
Q

absorption

A

uptake of small nutrient molecules by an organism′s own body; the third main stage of food processing, after digestion

24
Q

elimination

A

passing of undigested material out of the digestive compartment

25
Q

intercellular digestion

A

joining of food vacuoles and lysosomes to allow
chemical digestion to occur within the cytoplasm of a cell (after phagocytosis)

26
Q

extracellular digestion

A

breakdown of food outside cells

27
Q

gastrovascular cavity

A

joining of food vacuoles and lysosomes to allow
chemical digestion to occur within the cytoplasm of a cell

28
Q

complete digestive tract

A

digestive tube running between mouth and anus

29
Q

mammalian digestive system

A

digestive tract and accessory glands
that secrete digestive juices

30
Q

peristalsis

A

rhythmic waves of
contraction of smooth muscle that
push food along the digestive tract

31
Q

sphincter

A

ring-like valve consisting of modified muscle in a muscular tube

32
Q

pancreas

A

nonendocrine portion secretes digestive enzymes and an alkaline solution into the small
intestine via a duct

33
Q

liver

A

largest organ in verts.
produces bile, prepares N water for disposal, detox blood

34
Q

gallbladder

A

stores bile and releases it to small intestine

35
Q

salivary amylase

A

enzyme that hydrolyzes starch and glycogen

36
Q

pharynx

A

area in the vertebrate throat where air and
food passages cross; in flatworms, the muscular tube that protrudes from the ventral side of the worm and ends in the mouth

37
Q

epiglottis

A

cartilaginous flap that blocks the top of the
windpipe, the glottis, during swallowing, which prevents the entry of food or fluid into the respiratory system

38
Q

esophagus

A

channel that conducts food, by peristalsis,
from the pharynx to the stomach

39
Q

meals are converted to what ACID in the stomach?

A

chyme; including HCl and pepsin

40
Q

major organ of digestion and absorption

A

small intestine

41
Q

large intenstine

A

aids the small intestine in reabsorbing water
and houses bacteria, some of which
synthesize vitamins

42
Q

______ have longer digestive tracts than ____?

A

herbivores, carnivores

43
Q

fermentation chambers

A

where symbiotic micro-organisms in herbivores digest cellulose

44
Q

1) suspension feeder
2) fluid feeder
3) bulk feeder
4) deep sea gulper

A

1) humpback whale
2) mosquito
3) rock python
4) ???? eel