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Bio M02B > Circulation and Gas Exchange > Flashcards

Circulation and Gas Exchange Flashcards

Chapter 42

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the major brain regions?

A

forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

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2
Q

exchanges with the environment occur at what level?

A

cellular

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3
Q

in unicellular organism where do exchanges occur?

A

directly with the environment

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4
Q

what’s an example specialized exchange system in animals?

A

gills

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5
Q

what type of gills do segmented worms have

A

flaplike gills; extending from each segment of the body

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6
Q

what type of gills do some invertebrate have?

A

simple shape; distributed over most of the body

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7
Q

when are gills restricted to a local body region?

A

in clams, crayfish

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8
Q

how is the effectiveness of gas exchange increased in gills of some fishes

A

by ventilation and countercurrent flow of blood and water

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9
Q

what is diffusion proportional to?

A

the square of the distance (efficient over small distances)

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10
Q

in most animals exchange materials with the environment via what system?

A

fluid-filled circulatory system

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11
Q

what three things does a circulatory system have?

A
  • circulatory fluid (blood)
  • set of
    interconnecting vessels (veins)
  • muscular pump (heart)
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12
Q

open circulatory system

A

insects, other arthropods, and most molluscs,
blood bathes the organs directly

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13
Q

in an open circulatory system, there is no
distinction between?

A

blood and interstitial fluid

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14
Q

closed circulatory system?

A

blood is
confined to vessels and is distinct from the
interstitial fluid

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15
Q

what type of system is more efficient at transport?

A

closed systems

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16
Q

what have closed circulatory systems?

A

annelids, cephalopods, and vertebrates

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17
Q

cardiovascular system?

A

vertebrates closed circulatory system

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18
Q

three main types of blood vessels?

A

arteries,
veins, and capillaries

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19
Q

blood flows how many ways in the three vessels?

A

one way

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20
Q

arteries

A

branch into arterioles and carry blood
away from the heart to capillaries

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21
Q

capillary beds

A

sites of chemical exchange between the blood
and interstitial fluid

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22
Q

venules

A

converge into veins and return blood
from capillaries to the heart

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23
Q

how are arteries and veins distinguished?

A

direction of blood flow

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24
Q

vertebrates contain how many chmabers?

A

2+

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25
Q

blood enters through an _____ and is pumped
out through a _____

A

atrium, ventricle

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26
Q

what type of heart do bony fish, rays, and sharks have?

A

two-chmabered

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27
Q

single circulation

A

blood leaving he heart passes through two capillary beds before returning

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28
Q

what organisms have double circulation?

A

amphibian, reptiles, and mammals

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29
Q

how is oxygen-poor and oxygen-rich blood are pumped?

A

separately from the right and left sides of the heart

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30
Q

pulmonary circuit

A

in reptiles and mammals, oxygen-poor blood flows
through the pulmonary circuit to pick up oxygen
through the lungs

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31
Q

pulmocutaneous circuit

A

in amphibians, oxygen-poor blood flows through a
pulmocutaneous circuit to pick up oxygen
through the lungs and skin

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32
Q

systemic circuit

A

oxygen-rich blood delivers oxygen throughm

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33
Q

cardiac cycle

A

heart contracts and relaxes in a rhythmic
cycle

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34
Q

systole

A

contraction, or pumping, phase

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35
Q

diastole

A

relaxation, or filling, phase

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36
Q

heart rate

A

also called the pulse, is the
number of beats per minute

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37
Q

stroke volume

A

amount of blood
pumped in a single contraction

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38
Q

cardiac output

A

the volume of blood pumped into the systemic circulation per minute and depends on both the heart rate and stroke volume

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39
Q

how many valves prevent backflow of blood?

A

four

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40
Q

atrioventricular (AV) valves

A

separate each atrium and ventricle

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41
Q

semilunar valves

A

control blood flow to the aorta and the pulmonary artery

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42
Q

what causes the sound of a heartbeat?

A

the recoil of blood against the AV valves (lub) then against the semilunar (dup) valves

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43
Q

heart murmur

A

backflow of blood through a defective valve

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44
Q

self-excitable cardiac muscles

A

contract without any signal from the nervous
system

45
Q

sinoatrial (SA) node

A

pacemaker sets the rate and timing at which cardiac muscle cells contract

46
Q

electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)

A

impulses that travel during the cardiac cycle can
be recorded

47
Q

atrioventricular (AV) node

A

AV node impulses are delayed and then trigger
Purkinje fibers that make the ventricles contract

48
Q

what two divisions regulate the nervous system

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

49
Q

sympathetic division

A

speeds up the pacemaker

50
Q

parasympathetic

A

slows down the pacemaker

51
Q

what also regulates the pacemaker?

A

hormones and temperature

52
Q

central lumen

A

blood vessel’s cavity

53
Q

endothelium

A

epithelial layer that lines blood vessel (smooth and minimizes resistance)

54
Q

capillaries

A

delicate blood vessels that exist throughout your body, have thin walls

55
Q

where is the velocity of blood flow slowest

A

capillary beds, for exchange of materials

56
Q

bloodpressure

A

pressure that blood exeets against the wall of a vessel

57
Q

bloods flows from what areas to what other areas?

A

high pressure areas to low pressure areas

58
Q

systolic pressure

A

the pressure in the arteries during ventricular systole; highest pressure in the arteries

59
Q

diastolic pressure

A

pressure in arteries during diastole; lower than systolic pressure

60
Q

vasoconstriction

A

contraction of smooth muscle in arteriole walls; increases blood pressure

61
Q

vasodilation

A

relaxation of smooth muscles in the arterioles, causing BP to fall

62
Q

major inducer of vasodilation

A

nitric oxide

63
Q

blood pressure for healthy 20 year old at rest

A

1200 mm Hg systole
60 mm Hg diastole

64
Q

what cuases fainting

A

inadequate blood flow to the head

65
Q

what animals require higher systolic presure

A

those with long necks, to pump blood against greater distance against gravity

66
Q

what prevents backflow in blood

A

one-way valves

67
Q

blood flows through how many capillaries at a time?

A

5-10%

68
Q

what two mechanisms regfulate distribution of blood in capillary beds

A
  • contraction of smooth muscle layer in the wall of arteriole
  • precapillary spinchters
69
Q

precapillary sphincters

A

control flow of blood between arterioles and venules

70
Q

difference between blood pressure and osmotic pressure?

A

hydrostatic pressure ensures blood circulation, whereas osmotic pressure helps exchange the necessary fluids in the body

71
Q

what’s too large to pass through the endothelium?

A

most blood proteins and blood cells

72
Q

lymphatic system

A

returns fluid that leaks out from capillary beds

73
Q

lymph

A

fluid reenters circulation directly at the venous end of the capillary bed and indirectly thourhg the lymphatic system

74
Q

plasma

A

liquid matrix which suspends cells

75
Q

cellular elements occupy how much of volume of blood

A

45%

76
Q

blood plasma is what percent water?

A

90% water

77
Q

what are the functions of plasma proteins

A

lipid transport, immunity, blood clotting

78
Q

leukocytes

A

function in defense by phagocytizing bacteria and debris or by producing antibodies

79
Q

where are leukocytes

A

inside and outside circulatory system

80
Q

platelets

A

fragments of cells, function in blood clotting

81
Q

coagulation

A

formation of solid clot from liquid blood

82
Q

thrombus

A

blood clot formed from within vessel

83
Q

erhtrocytes

A

red blood cells, most numerous

84
Q

hemoglobin

A

iron-containing protein that transports O2

85
Q

what do birds and reptiles have that mammals lack

A

nuclei mitochondria

86
Q

what does gas exchange supply and dispose of

A

supply O2 for cellular respiration, disposes of CO2

87
Q

partial pressure

A

pressure exerted by a particular gas in mixture of gases

88
Q

what surface is required for diffusion

A

large, moist

89
Q

lungs

A

infolding of the body surface

90
Q

air inhaled through nostrils…

A

warmed,
humidified, and sampled for odors

91
Q

where does air pass through

A

pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles

92
Q

where does gas exchange occur?

A

alveoli

93
Q

what creates sound?

A

exhaled air passing over the vocal chords

94
Q

alveoli

A

air sacs at tips of bronchioles

95
Q

carbon dioxide diffusion journey?

A

diffuses from capillaries across the epithelium and into air space

96
Q

what lacks cilia and is susceptible to contamination?

A

alveoli

97
Q

surfactants

A

secretions which coat the surface of the alveoli

98
Q

breathing

A

process which ventilates the lungs

99
Q

negative pressure breathing

A

mammals ventilation system, pulling air to the lungs

100
Q

tidal volume

A

volume of air inhaled with each breath

101
Q

breathing control centers

A

medulla oblongata, pons

102
Q

medulla

A

regulates the rate and depth of
breathing in response to pH changes in the
cerebrospinal fluid

103
Q

what monitors O2 and CO2 concentrations in the blood?

A

sensors in aorta and carotid

104
Q

blood arriving in lungs

A

low partialP O2, hisgh partialP CO2

105
Q

partialP in capillaries

A

partialP favors diffusion of O2 into interstitial fluids and CO2 into the blood

106
Q

how many oxygen molecules can a single hemoglobin carry?

A

four, one for each iron-containing heme group

107
Q

in addition to O2, hemoglobin also transports…?

A

CO2

108
Q

CO2 from respiring cells diffuse where?

A

into the blood
and is transported either in blood plasma, bound
to hemoglobin, or as bicarbonate ions (HCO3–)

Bio M02B (22 decks)

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