Forensic Chemistry Flashcards
Electromagnetic radiation
Light, sine waves irradiating out from a source in all directions
How do gamma and x-rays interact with matter?
Pass through matter, except for very dense matter
How does UV/visible light interact with matter?
Molecules absorb the energy and electrons shift orbitals
How does IR light interact with matter?
Causes bonds between atoms to vibrate
How do microwaves interact with matter?
Molecules rotate or spin
How do radio waves interact with matter?
Transported with a carrier wave in a process called modulation
Electromagnetic spectrum in order of increasing wavelength
Gamma rays, x-rays, UV, visible, IR, microwave, radio
Electromagnetic spectrum in order of increasing energy
Radio, microwave, IR, visible, UV, x-rays, gamma rays
Lens
Translucent material that bends light in a known and predictable manner
Focal length
Distance between the two points of focus on either side of the len
Empty magnification
Increase in magnification without an increase in resolution
Numerical aperture
NA, angular measure of the lens’ light gathering ability, and ultimately its resolving quality
Condenser
Lenses below the stage that allow more or less light into the lens system of the microscope Used to obtain a bright, even field of view and improve image resolution
Field diaphragm
Control that allows more or less light into the lens system of the microscope
Kohler illumination
Sets the light rays parallel throughout the lens system
Birefringence
The difference in refractive indices
Two things required for extraction to occur
- Must be differences (chemical/physical) between matrix and analyte 2. Must be an equilibrium condition that can be manipulated
In TLC, if pH is used for ionization suppression…
The compound will be neutral and will favor the less polar phase
In TLC, if pH is used to facilitate ionization..
The compound will be charged and will favor the more polar phase
Atomic weight
protons + # neutrons (in the nucleus)
Drug
Natural or synthetic substance that is designed to produce a specific set of psychological or physiological effects on the human body
Duquenois-Levine
Marijuana –> Purple
Scott test
Cocaine –> turquoise
Marquis test
Opiates –> purple, + water = amphetamines –> orange
Ehrlich’s
LSD –> Purple
Pharmacokinetics
What the body does to a drug –> absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination
Pharmacodynamics
What the drug does to the body
Synergism
The total effects on the body of two or more drugs taken together is greater than the effects would be if the drugs are taken separately
Enantiomers
Optical isomers, stereoisomers are mirror images but not superimposable
Alkane
C-C “-ane”
Alkene
C=C “-ene”
Alkyne
C triple bond C “-yne”
Alcohol
R-OH “-ol”
Ether
R-O-R “-oxy -ane”
Aldehyde
“-al”
Carboxylic Acid
“-oic acid”
Ester
“-yl” “-oate”
Amide
“-amide”
Amine
“-amine”
Nitrile
“-nitrile”
of carbons and their prefix for organic compounds
1-Meth
2- Eth
3- Prop
4- But
5- Pent
6- Hex
7-Hept
8- Oct
9- Non
10- Dec
Ionization energy
Amount of energy required to remove one electron from an atom
Ionic bonding
Complete transfer of valence electrons
Covalent bonding
Sharing of electrons between atoms of similar electronegativities
Hydrogen bonding
Dipole-dipole interactions between molecules. H atom covalently bonded to a very electronegative atom = dipole +, attracted to dipole - from another electronegative atom
Van der Waals forces
Weakest “bonds”- distant-dependent interactions caused by 1) permanent electric dipoles 2) presence of permanent dipoles temporarily distorts the electron charge in other nearby molecules 3) molecules with no permanent dipoles have a force of attraction with one another
