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ABC Certification > DNA > Flashcards

DNA Flashcards

1
Q

The 4 nucleotides

A

Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
Cytosine (C)
Thymine (T)

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2
Q

Number of chromosomes within the average human cell

A

46

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3
Q

Genes

A

Sections in the chromosomes that code for special functions in inheritance or in the development of an embryo after conception

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4
Q

Homozygous

A

Having two of the same allele at any given locus

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5
Q

Heterozygous

A

Have two different alleles at any given locus

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6
Q

Allele

A

Different forms of a particular gene at a particular locus

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7
Q

Phenotype

A

Observed characteristic expressed by the gene

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8
Q

Genotype

A

Alleles that make up a gene

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9
Q

Two types of variability in alleles

A

Sequence polymorphisms

Length polymorphisms

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10
Q

SNP

A

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (type of sequence polymorphism)

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11
Q

Tandem repeats

A

Base pair sequence repeats that occur next to each other without any intervening base pairs
Ex. ATC-ATC-ATC-ATC

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12
Q

VNTR

A

Variable number of tandem repeats- variation in the number of repeats occurs from one individual to the next at a particular locus

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13
Q

Population genetics

A

Determination of the frequencies with which particular genetic markers occur

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14
Q

Product Rule

A

Technique of multiplying probabilities together (pop gen)

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15
Q

First DNA typing method

A

Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)

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16
Q

RFLP

A

Restriction fragment length polymorphism- typing method where restriction enzymes are used to isolate small fragments of DNA called mini satellites or VNTRs

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17
Q

PCR

A

Polymerase chain reaction- technique used to increase the amount of DNA through amplification

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18
Q

STR

A

Short tandem repeats

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19
Q

Hypervariable

A

Having a large number of alleles

20
Q

Southern Blot

A

Method of transferring DNA fragments to a nylon membrane after separation through electrophoresis

21
Q

Probe hybridization

A

Technique used to visualize VNTRs after southern blots, uses radioactively labeled probes of short strands of DNA that are complementary to the core-repeating units of the VNTRs

22
Q

Three steps of PCR

A
  1. Denaturation
  2. Annealing
  3. Extension
23
Q

Thermal cycler

A

Apparatus used for PCR, capable of achieving and maintaining preset temperatures very precisely

24
Q

Ingredients in a PCR tube

A

DNA sample, reaction buffer, polymerase enzyme, nucleotides

25
Q

Taq

A

DNA polymerase enzyme commonly used in the USA
Heat stable 5’ to 3’ polymerase activity
Has 5’ to 3’ exonuclease activity
Does NOT have 3’ to 5’ exo proof reading

26
Q

PCR Step 1

A

Denaturation- Heated to 94 degrees C. Double stranded DNA denatures, resulting in single-stranded DNA

27
Q

PCR Step 2

A

Annealing/primer hybridization- primers are attached to each of the separated strands, done at 60 degrees

28
Q

Primers

A

Short strands of synthetic DNA attached during the annealing step that mark the starting points for addition of new bases to complete the reproduction of each strand

29
Q

PCR Step 3

A

Extension- 72 degrees C- under the influence of Taq polymerase, nucleotides are added to the primer one by one

30
Q

Number of PCR cycles before double stranded target sequences exist

A

3

31
Q

Direction of DNA synthesis

A

5’ –> 3’

32
Q

Typical number of PCR cycles

A

28-32

33
Q

Advantages of STRs

A

High variability in the population
Small size makes them less sensitive to DNA degradation
Many to choose from

34
Q

Allelic ladders

A

Strands of DNA made up of all common alleles present at each STR locus, used for calibration

35
Q

Amelogenin

A

Locus used to determine sex. Not an STR

36
Q

HV1 and HV2

A

The two hyper variable regions in mtDNA

37
Q

Approximate length of mtDNA

A

16.5k base pairs

38
Q

Number of genes coded for in mtDNA

A

37

39
Q

Nucelotides

A

Pentose + phosphoric acid group + nitrogenous base

40
Q

Nucleosides

A

Sugar + nitrogenous base

41
Q

Normal confirmation of DNA

A

B DNA- right handed helix, 10.5 pb per turn

42
Q

Advantages of PCR

A

Amp can be done on samples containing very small amounts of DNA and degraded DNA
Relatively rapid and simple
Can serve as a starting point for the detection of virtually any kind of variation to be found in the genome
Multiplex mode- simultaneous amplification reactions
Small amount required allows portions of evidence samples to be set aside for repeat testing

43
Q

Controls in PCR Reaction

A
  • DNA extraction blank
  • Positive amplification control
  • Negative amplification control
44
Q

DNA extraction blank

A

Detects contamination during extraction

45
Q

Positive amplification control

A

Shows that master mix and thermal cycler functioned correctly

46
Q

Negative amplification control

A

Detects contamination occurring at time of PCR set up

47
Q

Progressivity

A

Avg # of nucleotides added before the enzyme dissociates from the DNA

ABC Certification (14 decks)

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