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Forensic Biology Flashcards

1
Q

subcategories of forensic biology

A
  • serology
  • DNA testing
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2
Q

serology

A

screening of evidence for body fluids

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3
Q

DNA testing

A

efforts to individualize the body fluid to a specific person

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4
Q

sources of DNA evidence

A
  • blood
  • semen
  • saliva
  • urine
  • hair
  • teeth
  • bone
  • any soft tissue
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5
Q

what source of DNA is lowest in DNA?

A

urine

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6
Q

what part of blood does not have DNA?

A

RBC

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7
Q

mitochondrial DNA

A

comes from the mother

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8
Q

nucleus DNA

A

comes from both parents

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9
Q

______ base pairs of mitochondrial DNA encode for only _____ genes

A

16,569 , 37

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10
Q

_________ base pairs, _______ are exactly the same

A

3 billion , 99.9%

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11
Q

how many chromosomes? how many pairs?

A
  • 46 chromosomes
  • 23 pairs
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12
Q

what does A pair with?

A

T

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13
Q

what does C pair with?

A

G

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14
Q

what pair together?

A

pyrimidines and purines

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15
Q

for each chromosome pair, how many comes from each parent?

A

one

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16
Q

locus

A

specific, physical location of a DNA sequence on a chromosome

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17
Q

human identity testing

A
  • forensic cases
  • convicted felon DNA databases
  • missing persons cases
  • paternity tests
  • mass disasters
  • military DNA “dog tag”
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18
Q

human identity testing: forensic cases

A

matching or excluding a suspect with evidence

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19
Q

human identity testing: missing persons cases

A

identifying the remains

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20
Q

human identity testing: paternity tests

A

identifying the father

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21
Q

human identity testing: mass disasters

A

putting familial pieces back together

22
Q

what do you compare in human identity testing?

A

questions sample and known samples

23
Q

questioned samples

A

whatever is at the scene

24
Q

known samples

A

a sample taken from a suspect

25
ABO blood typing
first genetic evidence used in court
26
ABO blood typing details
- after 1915 increasingly used in forensics/ paternity - great for exclusion, poor for inclusion
27
Karl Landsteiner
discovered blood types
28
discriminating power
- the probability of discriminating two distinct samples selected at random from the population of interest - can vary in populations
29
random match probability
probability of matching someone else by random chance
30
what are ABO Blood Antigens made of?
sugar on the outside of blood cells
31
forensic protein profiling: normal gene
normal protein
32
forensic protein profiling: mutated gene
- abnormal protein - no protein - functional protein variant isoenzyme
33
Functional Protein Variant Isoenzyme
enzymes that differ in amino acid sequence but catalyze the same chemical reaction
34
forensic protein profiling
- power of discrimination can be one in several hundred if using multiple - proteins are not as variable & stable as DNA
35
pI
the pH at which the protein is electrically neutral
36
steps of forensic protein profiling
- an ampholyte solution is incorporated into a gel - stable pH gradient is established in the gel after application of electric field - protein solution is added & electric field is reapplied - after staining, proteins are shown to be distributed along pH gradient according to their pI values
37
advantages of forensic protein profiling
improved power of discrimination over blood group typing
38
limitations of forensic protein profiling
- poor power of discrimination even with multiple systems - poor sensitivity - proteins are not always stable in forensic stains or found in every single sample
39
first decade of forensic DNA typing: 1980
- Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism - multiallelic - passed down through multiple generations
40
multiallelic
there is a locus with a lot of variability
41
first decade of forensic DNA typing: 1985
- RFLP techniques used in a forensic case - previously used in paternity & immigration - 1st scientifically accepted forensic DNA analysis method in the USA - now replaced with newer techniques
42
the principals of RFLP testing
- cut the DNA with biological scissors (restriction enzymes) - separate fragments of differing length by gel electrophoresis - detect length-based differences (polymorphisms) in DNA fragments of interest
43
restriction digest
cutting DNA into small, variably sized, pieces with restriction enzymes called restriction endonucleases
44
restriction enzyme
bacterial protein that cuts foreign DNA
45
what does variability in tandem repeats create?
different sizes
46
separating DNA fragments after a restriction digest with gel electrophoresis
- an agarose gel is porous allowing movement of DNA fragments - opposites attract - DNA has an overall negative charge - larger DNA fragments quickly get stuck in the porous gel - shorter fragments travel a longer distance toward the anode
47
VNTR's - Variable Number Tandem Repeats
only DNA fragments containing a complementary sequence to the probe are detected
48
southern blot
- double stranded fragments - single stranded fragments - visualize with probe
49
DNA finger printing
matching bands from blood sample to people
50
multi-locus probe
complex patterns
51
single-locus probe
better for forensic samples containing mixtures
52
DNA evidence and Monica Lewinsky's Blue Dress
- 1998 FBI report on analysis of the stain on Monica Lewinsky's blue dress - lied about infidelity & could have been impeached

Forensic Biology (17 decks)

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