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Forensic Biology > Forensic Biology > Flashcards

Forensic Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

subcategories of forensic biology

A
  • serology
  • DNA testing
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2
Q

serology

A

screening of evidence for body fluids

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3
Q

DNA testing

A

efforts to individualize the body fluid to a specific person

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4
Q

sources of DNA evidence

A
  • blood
  • semen
  • saliva
  • urine
  • hair
  • teeth
  • bone
  • any soft tissue
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5
Q

what source of DNA is lowest in DNA?

A

urine

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6
Q

what part of blood does not have DNA?

A

RBC

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7
Q

mitochondrial DNA

A

comes from the mother

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8
Q

nucleus DNA

A

comes from both parents

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9
Q

______ base pairs of mitochondrial DNA encode for only _____ genes

A

16,569 , 37

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10
Q

_________ base pairs, _______ are exactly the same

A

3 billion , 99.9%

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11
Q

how many chromosomes? how many pairs?

A
  • 46 chromosomes
  • 23 pairs
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12
Q

what does A pair with?

A

T

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13
Q

what does C pair with?

A

G

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14
Q

what pair together?

A

pyrimidines and purines

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15
Q

for each chromosome pair, how many comes from each parent?

A

one

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16
Q

locus

A

specific, physical location of a DNA sequence on a chromosome

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17
Q

human identity testing

A
  • forensic cases
  • convicted felon DNA databases
  • missing persons cases
  • paternity tests
  • mass disasters
  • military DNA “dog tag”
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18
Q

human identity testing: forensic cases

A

matching or excluding a suspect with evidence

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19
Q

human identity testing: missing persons cases

A

identifying the remains

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20
Q

human identity testing: paternity tests

A

identifying the father

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21
Q

human identity testing: mass disasters

A

putting familial pieces back together

22
Q

what do you compare in human identity testing?

A

questions sample and known samples

23
Q

questioned samples

A

whatever is at the scene

24
Q

known samples

A

a sample taken from a suspect

25
Q

ABO blood typing

A

first genetic evidence used in court

26
Q

ABO blood typing details

A
  • after 1915 increasingly used in forensics/ paternity
  • great for exclusion, poor for inclusion
27
Q

Karl Landsteiner

A

discovered blood types

28
Q

discriminating power

A
  • the probability of discriminating two distinct samples selected at random from the population of interest
  • can vary in populations
29
Q

random match probability

A

probability of matching someone else by random chance

30
Q

what are ABO Blood Antigens made of?

A

sugar on the outside of blood cells

31
Q

forensic protein profiling: normal gene

A

normal protein

32
Q

forensic protein profiling: mutated gene

A
  • abnormal protein
  • no protein
  • functional protein variant isoenzyme
33
Q

Functional Protein Variant Isoenzyme

A

enzymes that differ in amino acid sequence but catalyze the same chemical reaction

34
Q

forensic protein profiling

A
  • power of discrimination can be one in several hundred if using multiple
  • proteins are not as variable & stable as DNA
35
Q

pI

A

the pH at which the protein is electrically neutral

36
Q

steps of forensic protein profiling

A
  • an ampholyte solution is incorporated into a gel
  • stable pH gradient is established in the gel after application of electric field
  • protein solution is added & electric field is reapplied
  • after staining, proteins are shown to be distributed along pH gradient according to their pI values
37
Q

advantages of forensic protein profiling

A

improved power of discrimination over blood group typing

38
Q

limitations of forensic protein profiling

A
  • poor power of discrimination even with multiple systems
  • poor sensitivity
  • proteins are not always stable in forensic stains or found in every single sample
39
Q

first decade of forensic DNA typing: 1980

A
  • Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism
  • multiallelic
  • passed down through multiple generations
40
Q

multiallelic

A

there is a locus with a lot of variability

41
Q

first decade of forensic DNA typing: 1985

A
  • RFLP techniques used in a forensic case
  • previously used in paternity & immigration
  • 1st scientifically accepted forensic DNA analysis method in the USA
  • now replaced with newer techniques
42
Q

the principals of RFLP testing

A
  • cut the DNA with biological scissors (restriction enzymes)
  • separate fragments of differing length by gel electrophoresis
  • detect length-based differences (polymorphisms) in DNA fragments of interest
43
Q

restriction digest

A

cutting DNA into small, variably sized, pieces with restriction enzymes called restriction endonucleases

44
Q

restriction enzyme

A

bacterial protein that cuts foreign DNA

45
Q

what does variability in tandem repeats create?

A

different sizes

46
Q

separating DNA fragments after a restriction digest with gel electrophoresis

A
  • an agarose gel is porous allowing movement of DNA fragments
  • opposites attract
  • DNA has an overall negative charge
  • larger DNA fragments quickly get stuck in the porous gel
  • shorter fragments travel a longer distance toward the anode
47
Q

VNTR’s - Variable Number Tandem Repeats

A

only DNA fragments containing a complementary sequence to the probe are detected

48
Q

southern blot

A
  • double stranded fragments
  • single stranded fragments
  • visualize with probe
49
Q

DNA finger printing

A

matching bands from blood sample to people

50
Q

multi-locus probe

A

complex patterns

51
Q

single-locus probe

A

better for forensic samples containing mixtures

52
Q

DNA evidence and Monica Lewinsky’s Blue Dress

A
  • 1998 FBI report on analysis of the stain on Monica Lewinsky’s blue dress
  • lied about infidelity & could have been impeached

Forensic Biology (17 decks)

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