Foreign intervention 1918-1926

Question 1

When did Tsardom collpase

Answer 1

1917

Question 2

What did Russia’s pulling out of WW1 allow Germany to do, how did the allies aim to prevent this (what was the reaction to this from PG and then Bols.

Answer 2

Germany were free to divert huge military resources from the Eastern to the Western front. To prevent this allies offered Russia large amounts of capital to keep it in war, an offer which the PG had accepted to sustain itself, however hope of keeping Russia in the war ended with the treaty of BL on 3rd March 1918.

Question 3

3 examples of allies for Russia in WW1

Answer 3

Britain
France
USA

Question 4

How did the allies view Germany and Russia’s seperate peace agreement

Answer 4

Saw it as the Bolsheviks betraying the Allied cause

Question 5

What was the result of Germany and Russia’s seperate peace agreement

Answer 5

There was a fierce determination amongst the allies to prevent the vital-war supplies, previously loaned to Russia and still stockpiled there, from falling into German hands.

Question 6

Which countries intervened after the signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Answer 6

Germany
Britain
France
USA

Question 7

Which ports were occupied by British, French and US troops after the signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Answer 7

Occupied the ports of Murmansk in the Artic and Archangel in the White Sea.

Question 8

How can the 2 year period after the Treaty of Brest Litovsk be described

Answer 8

A 2 year period during which armed forces from a large number of countries occupied key areas of central, European and far-Eastern Russia

Question 9

When did WW1 end

Answer 9

November 1918

Question 10

Where did the attention of the major powers turn after the end of WW1, was it fullfilled

Answer 10

The possibility of a major offensive against the Bolsheviks, however this never happend.

Question 11

What was the Comintern

Answer 11

International Communist body, set up to oragnise worldwide revolution.

Question 12

Where and when was the Comintern set up

Answer 12

Set up in March 1919 in Moscow.

Question 13

What alarmed the British and the French

Answer 13

The creation of the Comintern and by the spread of revolution in Germany and central Europe.

Question 14

What did the Bolshevik’s do as one of their first acts in power. How did France see this

Answer 14

Announced that they would not pay back any foreign debts incurred by its predecessors (tsarist regime). Seen by France as international theft.

Question 15

What did the Bols do with regards to foreign assets

Answer 15

Bols froze all foreign assets.

Question 16

Which foreign invasion occured in 1918

Answer 16

British land forces entered southern Russia and British wardships entered Russian baltic waters and the Balck Sea, where they were joined by French naval vessels.

Question 17

Where did the French establish a major land base

Answer 17

French established a major land base around the Black Sea port of Odessa.

Question 18

Which invasion occured in April 1918

Answer 18

Japanese occupied Russia’s far-eastern port of Vladivostok. 4 months later, they were joined by units from France, Britain, the USA and Italy.

Question 19

Which forces crossed into Russia after the Bols refused to pay debts

Answer 19

Czech,Finnish,Lithuanian and Polish forces crossed into Russia

Question 20

What happend in 1919

Answer 20

Troops from Japan and USA occupied parts of Siberia.

Question 21

What was the relationship between the interventionists and their attacks

Answer 21

They were not co-ordinated attacks and there was little co-operation between the interventionists.

Question 22

What was the declared motive of the USA, Britain, France, Italy and Japan

Answer 22

The legitimate protection of their individual interests (in Russia)

Question 23

Which nations aimed to gain independence from Russia

Answer 23

Czechoslovakia,Finland,Lithuania,Poland and Romania

Question 24

What was the 1 exception from the failure of foreign intervention (the 1 success)

Answer 24

National forces backed by British wardships and troops crushed a BOlshevik invasion and forced Lenin’s gov to recognise the independence of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania.

Question 25

What happend in the Baltic States by 1922

Answer 25

By 1919 French troops had withdrawn from the Baltic states and US troops had been recalled.
By the end of 1920 all other Western forces had left, leaving only Japanese troops, who remained in Russia for the duration of the civil war, not finally leaving until 1922.

Question 26

How was foreign intervention used as a Propoganda success bt the Bolsheviks

Answer 26

Portrayed withdrawls in Baltic states as military victories (they weren’t).
Depicted Lenin’s gov as saviour of the nation against foreign conquests.

Question 27

How did the Bols propoganda victory help to improve their situation after 1922

Answer 27

Their apparent success over Russia’s enemies helped the Bolshevik regime to recover the esteem it had lost over its 1918 capitulation to Germany.

Question 28

When did Russia go to war agiants Poland

Answer 28

1920

Question 29

What caused/encouraged the 1920 war vs Poland

Answer 29

Failure of foreign interventions encouraged Bols to undertake what proved to be a disastrous attempt to expand their authority outside of Russia.

Question 30

Events of 1920 war against Poland

Answer 30

In 1920 the Red Army marched into neighbouring Poland, expecting the Polish workers to rise in rebellion against their own government. However the Poles saw the invasion as traditional Russian aggression and drove the Red Army back across the border. Soviet morale was seriously damaged, forcing Lenin and the Bols to rethink the whole question of international revolution.

Question 31

What did the Red Amry expect to happen when they marched into Poland in 1920

Answer 31

Expected the Polish workers to rise in rebellion against their own government

Question 32

How did the Poles see view the Red Army’s invasion in 1520

Answer 32

Poles saw the invasion as traditional Russian aggression

Question 33

What did the Poles do to the Red Army during war vs Poland in 1520

Answer 33

The Poles drove the Red Army back across the border

Question 34

What was the outcome of the war vs Poland in 1520 with regard to the Bols and the Soviet

Answer 34

Soviet morale was seriously damaged, forcing Lenin and the Bols to rethink the whole question of international revolution.

Question 35

Which 4 events/situations showed Lenin that time was not right for world revolution and what did this cause Lenin to do

Answer 35

The foreign interventions in Russia
The failure of Communist revolutions in Germany and Hungary
The Polish reverse (failure)
The Capitalist nations were still too strong.
Caused Lenin to adjust his foreign policy to meet the new situation

Question 36

How can Lenin’s approach to foreign policy be described after foreign interventions

Answer 36

Realistic, pragmatic approach

Question 37

What was the Bolsheviks long term ambition

Answer 37

Worldwide revolution

Question 38

How did the Cominterm’s aims differ from those of Soviet Russia after

Answer 38

The Comintern continued to call for world revolution, whilst Soviet Russia softened its international attitude

Question 39

What were Lenin’s concerns in the tradition of and what were these fears

Answer 39

The tradition of Russian foreign policy.
Western enroachment in Russia was a conatant fear of the Tsars, this long-standing worry was increased by the hostility of European governments to the October Revolution and by their support of the Whites in the Civil War.

Question 40

How was Soviet foreign policy handled under Lenin

Answer 40

Activated not by thoughts of expansion but by the desire to avoid conflict

Question 41

When was the Treaty of Rapallo agreed

Answer 41

April 1922

Question 42

Who was the agreement of the Treaty of Rapallo agreed between

Answer 42

Russia (USSR) and Germany.

Question 43

What drew Russia and Germany together

Answer 43

Germany under terms of 1919 Treaty of Versailles had heavy reparations imposed on them and had been denied the right to rearm.
Soviet Russia, as a revolutionary nation, had earned the hostility of the capitalist countries by renouncing all of Russia’s debts and calling on the peoples in Capitalist countries to overthrow their government.

Question 44

Where did Russia and Germany attend a conference leading to their agreement in April 1922

Answer 44

Genoa

Question 45

Why did the Bols refuse to pay international debts

Answer 45

Claimed the debt was caused by their predecesors (Tsarist regime) and they refused to pay back other nations for any debt from before the October 1917 Revolution.

Question 46

What were the 2 main terms of the Treaty of Rapallo

Answer 46

1. Russia would provide German forces with military training grounds and resources.
2. In return, Russia would be granted special trading rights in Germany.

Question 47

Which treat was signed 4 years after the Treaty of Rapallo

Answer 47

1926 Treaty of Berlin

Question 48

Which promise was made by both Russia and Germany in the Treaty of Rapallo

Answer 48

‘To co-operate in a spirit of mutual goodwill in meeting the economic needs of both countries’

Question 49

What type of treaty was the Treaty of Berlin and what did it do

Answer 49

It was a non-agression pact, which confirmed the main terms of the Treaty of Rapallo

Question 50

When was the Zinoviev letter published and by which newspaper

Answer 50

Published on 25th October 1924 by the Daily mail newspaper, 4 days before a general election was due to be held in Britain

Question 51

What happend before the Zinoviev letter scandle in 1924

Answer 51

Negotiation of a trade and diplomatic agreement between Russia and England and an Anglo-Soviet was drawn up.

Question 52

What were the 2 main terms of the Anglo-Soviet trade and diplomatic treaty in 1924

Answer 52

1. Britain agreed to advance a £30 million loan to the Soviet Union.
2. In return, the Soviet Union would pay compensation for the British financial assets the Bolsheviks had siezed after the October Revolution in 1917.

Question 53

What was the headline of the Daily mail including the Zinoviev letter

Answer 53

‘Soviet plot:Red Propoganda in Britain:Revolution urged in Britain.’ Letter printed beneath the title

Question 54

What was Grigor Zinoviev’s role in the Comintern

Answer 54

Chief of the Comintern

Question 55

Who was Zinoviev’s letter adressed to and what did it urge

Answer 55

Adressed to the British Communist Party, urging its members to infiltrate the British Labour party, under the cover of the Anglo-Soviet treaty, and use it to bring down the British state in an armed insurrection.

Question 56

Who did Zinoviev (and Historians) claim forged the letter

Answer 56

Zinoviev denied writing the letter, claiming it to be forged by White Russian emigres, an interpretation hustorians now accept

Question 57

What did Zinoviev’s letter contibute to

Answer 57

The Labour Party’s election defeat

Question 58

What effect did Zinoviev’s letter have in England

Answer 58

Provided ammunition for those in Britain who believed that relations between the Labour gov and revolutionary Russia were too close for Britain’s good.

Question 59

What was the outcome of the Zinoviev letter

Answer 59

Labour party now out of office.
The Anglo-Soviet treaty was never ratified due to the succeeding Conservative governments unwillingness to continue negotiations.