Civil War specific knowledge to learn for essay

Question 1

Which areas were held by the Reds

Answer 1

Central areas eg Moscow and Petrograd

Question 2

To which city did Lenin move the capital

Answer 2

Moscow

Question 3

What was found in Moscow

Answer 3

Main industry and armament factories

Question 4

Whose supplies and weapons fell into Reds hands

Answer 4

Ex-Tsarists arms, munitions, etc

Question 5

Name the makeshift capitals of the Whites

Answer 5

Omsk and Archangel

Question 6

Why did peasants prefer reds over whites

Answer 6

Reds promised to allow peasants to keep their land, whilst whites vowed to take land back.
Soldiers and workers supported Reds to protect gains of Oct Rev

Question 7

Name groups who supported the Reds

Answer 7

1. Workers
2. Soldiers
3. Nationalists/minorities

Question 8

Why did nationalists and minorities support reds

Answer 8

Reds had a more pragmatic approach to desire for independence

Question 9

Which policy limited support for Reds

Answer 9

War Communism

Question 10

How many Jews were murdered by White armies

Answer 10

50,000

Question 11

Which white slogan caused ethnic minorities to fear whites

Answer 11

‘Russia, one and indivisible’

Question 12

2 examples of nationalist groups that opposed the whites

Answer 12

1) Nationalists in Ukraine
2) Nationalists in Georgia
Both fought vs whites as they wanted independence and autonomy

Question 13

Aim of Reds

Answer 13

Keep Bols in power

Question 14

What was War Communism able to esnure

Answer 14

Red army was fed

Question 15

When was the decree for Nationalisation of industry introduced

Answer 15

All industries were nationalised under the control of the Supreme Council of the Economy, or Vesenkha, in December 1917. Factories were set production targets.

Question 16

When was the Red Army created

Answer 16

Jan 1918

Question 17

Impact of Land Degree in gains of peasants land before Civil War and how this made them better to support than whites

Answer 17

Bols Decree on Land of Oct 1917 gave peasants rights to take over estates of gentry, without compensation, to be divided by peasants.
Land no longer bought or rented but belonged to the ‘entire people’
Gains of land in face of White vows to restore it to previous tenants meant increased peasant support for Reds

Question 18

What was banned under war comm

Answer 18

Private Trade

Question 19

Describe 3 factors of the Bols single-unified command structure

Answer 19

1) Lenin directed from the capital (moved to Moscow)
2) Lenin produced overall organisation of decrees
3) Lenin controlled organisation of economy. Norkomprod was made responsible for feeding the cities and the army.

Question 20

Which groups made up White armies

Answer 20

1) SRs
2) Kadets
3) Mensheviks
4) liberals
5) Tsarists
6) separatists
7) socialists

Question 21

Describe the unity of the aims of whites

with examples

Answer 21

Whites were deeply divided and unified in their arms.

1) Kolchak/ Omsk were pro-monarchists and wanted a military dictatorship until Bolshevism was defeated
2) The Komuch was the Committee of the Members of the Constituent Assembly so claimed to be legitimately elected gov as had majority in CA when it disbanded.
3) Some others wanted a return to Tsarism

Question 22

What did White armies tend to do

example

Answer 22

White leaders fought one another
Eg: Sr’s found it difficult to fight alongside tsarists who wanted a return of land to their former owners.
Lack of trusts and coordinated attacks and orders.

Question 23

Impact of foreign intervention on authority of White leaders

Answer 23

Undermined authority of White leaders and thus their leadership and unity of Whites as required assistance.
Also allowed Bols to portray themselves as defenders of Russia vs foreign enemies and as more patriotic than whites.

Question 24

What did corrupt white officers do

Answer 24

Sold aid, weapons and resources from foreign interventionists on black market and were described as a ‘bunch of traders and profiteers’

Question 25

How did the size if Red Army in 1920 compare to 1917

Answer 25

1917: 1.5 million
1920: 3.5 million

Question 26

What limited number of soldiers available to Reds

Answer 26

Loss of over 2 million soldiers in WW1 and the purges/Red Terror.

Question 27

How many ex-Tsarist officers were recruited into Red Army

Answer 27

50,000

Question 28

What did Trotsky re-introduce to army to revoke Dec 1917 Democratisation of army and to enhance discipline and order

Answer 28

Ranks, pay differentials, extreme punishments (death penalty, taking families hostage)

Question 29

How many men were in Yudenich’s army

Answer 29

14,000

Question 30

How many men were in Denekin’s army

Answer 30

Never more than 100,000 troops

Question 31

Describe the numbers of White Army

Answer 31

Too many officers, not enough troops

Question 32

Who were targeted by Red Terror

Answer 32

‘Bourgeoisie’
Judges, officers, priests, White Guards and employers
Workers, peasants, merchants, traders, children
CAn also be stated used terror to ebnefit war effort as targeted masses to ensure loyalty and also removed war opponents eg Kadets, Mensheviks, SRs

Question 33

Situation of children in prison due to Red Terror

Answer 33

By 1920 5% of total population in prisons in Moscow were children

Question 34

How many recorded deaths were there due to the Cheka’s Red Terror 1918-20 and what is estimated to be real figure

Answer 34

13,000 deaths recorded

Real figure is closer to 300,000

Question 35

What process of war comm did Red Terror support

Answer 35

Grain Requisitioning

Question 36

Who risked being confronted by Red Terror

Answer 36

Army deserters therefore worked as a method of deterrence and ensured compliance

Question 37

Example/ symbol of Red Terror and removal of a potential figurehead for white resistance

Answer 37

Execution of Russian Royal Family.

Shot by Cheka, without a trial. Bodies drenched in acid and thrown down a mine shift.

Question 38

Examples of Red’s propoganda methods

Answer 38

Posters
Train
Films
Speakers

Question 39

What role was Trotsky given in 1918

Answer 39

Made Comissar for War in 1918

Question 40

Which association controlled economic organisation and food distribution

Answer 40

Norkomprod

Question 41

When was the Decree on Land

Answer 41

Oct 1917