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Essay topic 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What percentage of the party was expelled in 1935 and alongside which 2 prominent figures

A

9%

Kamanev and Zinoviev

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2
Q

Which consequence of collectivisation led to further opposition in

A

Famine of 1932-33

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3
Q

Who led the call for political change and what was his former role in party

A

Ryutin (former Moscow Party Secretary)

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4
Q

What did Ryutin circulate among party members and when

A

March 1932

200-page document entitled ‘Stalin and the Crisis of the proletariat dictatorship’

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5
Q

Who overruled Stalin’s call for execution of the Ryutina platform (traitors)

A

Kirov

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6
Q

What was the consequence/ outcome for Ryutin platform

March 1932

A

Ryutin was imprisoned for 10 years
Kamanev, Zinoviev and 14 other expelled from party
Further 24 expulsions the next month

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7
Q

By 1934 what proportion of party had been expelled in a chistka and what were they branded

A

By 1934 1/5 of the party had been branded ‘Ryutinites’ and expelled

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8
Q

Term for a non-violent purge

A

chistka

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9
Q

When was the ‘Congress of Victors’ and what was its purpose

A

1934

To elect CC

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10
Q

Kirov v Stalin votes in ‘Congress of Victors’

A

Kirov- 1,225 votes

Stalin- 927 votes

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11
Q

Who tried to persuade Kirov to stand as General Secretary and how did he react

A

Group of Old Bols

He refused

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12
Q

What did the rise of Kirov and his support from Old Bols show Stalin

A

Had to purge the party as it could no longer be trusted

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13
Q

Causes of great terror

A
  1. Rise of and murder of Kirov
  2. Stalin’s paranoia
  3. Political opposition
  4. Economic motives
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14
Q

What caused Stalin’s paranoia

A

Felt unable to trust many within Comm party

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15
Q

What did Stalin believe, despite being unchallenged ruler of USSR

A

Despite being unchallenged ruler of USSR, believed he still had many enemies

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16
Q

Why did recent history of the party fuel Stalin’s paranoia and make him anxious

A

Trotsky, Zonoviev and Bukharin had all fallen from leading positions in party and Stalin feared same may happen to him

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17
Q

What did Stalin believe about the ideology of many party members

A

Believed many were not truly converted to his version of socialism and was worried Old Communists, who had been members before Civil War, would try to overthrow him as they knew truth about his rise to power and Lenin’s view that he did not deserve to be General Secretary

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18
Q

Which bodies did Stalin believe to have too much power and what dud this lead Stalin to fear

A

Red Army and secret police

Lack of control over such bodied led him to fear assasination attempts

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19
Q

What was the importance of the NKVD in the countryside

A

Compiled extensive reports on discontent with collectivisation in the countryside

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20
Q

When was the NKVD introduced/ given power

A

10 July 1934

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21
Q

When did Yegoda control NKVD and when was he shot

A

1934-36

Shot in 1938

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22
Q

When did Yezhov control NKVD and when was he shot

A

1937-38

Shot in 1940

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23
Q

When did Beria control NKVD and when was he shot

A

1938-45

Shot in 1956

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24
Q

Who did Stalin send to labour camps whilst pushing through FYPs and why

A

Specialists and engineers sent to gulgas for machine-breaking and sabotage

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25
When was the Shakty Trial
1928
26
Who was purged in Shakty trials
1928: managers and technicians at Shakty coal mine who questioned pace of industrialisation were accused of 'counter revolutionary espionage' Forced to confess in public 'show trial'
27
When was the 'Industrial Party' show trial and who was purged
Nov 1930 | Random group of Industrialists, Mensheviks and SRs accused of sabotage
28
When was the Metro-Vickers trial and who were purged
1933 | British specialists found gulity of wrecking activities
29
Why did Stalin aim to purge and expose 'wreckers'
As an excuse for ongoing difficulties of FYPs.
30
Who did Stalin claim 'wreckers' and 'sabetours' were employed by and why
Trotsky, Zinoviev and Kamenev to deliberately sabotage Russia's economy
31
What did the purger provide for Russia's economy
A huge resovouir of cheap labour. Majority of those purged sent to gulags and used as slave labour and vital to projects commissioned by FYPs such as Magnitogorsk and Stalinsk
32
When was Kirov assasinated
Dec 1934
33
How did Stalin aim to opress Kirov after 'Congress of Victors'
Attempted to exclude him from Politburo but insisted that he stayed in Leningrad to supervise local party
34
What title was abolished and what title did Stalin and Kirov take instead
Title of 'General Secretary' abolished in favour of 'Secretary of Equal Rank' for Stalin and Kirov
35
What is the importance of the title 'Secretary of Equal Rank'
Meant, in theory, Stalin was no longer more important than other secretaries
36
Who did Stalin pin murder of Kirov on and what power did he give NKVD as a result
Quick to claim was Kirov's murder was a Trotsyite plot to overthrow the party. A decree published day after assasination, giving Yagoda (head of NKVD) the power to arrest and execute anyone found gulity of 'terrorits plotting'
37
How many party members shot and sent to labour camps following Kirov's assasination
Over 100 shot and 1000s more arrested and sent to labour camps
38
Who were arrested in Jan 1935
Zinoviev, Kamanev and 17 other arrested and accused of instigating terrorism and sentenced to 5-10 years inprisonment. Soon after, 12 NKVD members in Leningrad found guilty and imprisoned
39
When was the death penalty extended to anyone aware of subversive activity
June 1935
40
When was the 'Decree against terrorist acts' introduced and what was its significance
Immediately after Kirov's assasination | 3000 suspected conspirators rounded up and imprisoned or murdered
41
How did Stalin use vacant positions as a means of enhancing security (2 examples)
Filled vacant positions with Stalin supporters Eg 1: Kirov's role as Leningrad boss was filled by Andrei Zhdanov Eg 2: Moscow post was filled by Nikita Kruschev
42
Who filled Moscow post and was a Stalin supporter
Kruschev
43
Who filled Kirov's post as Leningrad boss and was a Stalin supporter
Zhdanov
44
How many of the delegates at the 1934 17th Party Congress were executed in the 3 years following
Of 1996 delegates, 1108 were executed 1996 1108
45
How many CC members were elected in 17th Party Congress and how many executed during purge
139 | All but 41 executed
46
When was the Stalin enrolment
1931-34
47
Impact of Stalin enrolement
Meant many new members were not involved in Oct Rev and joined to advance their careers. Therefore, owed their privileges to Stalin's patronage. Self-interest of these members meant they would stay loyal to him.
48
When was the Trial of 16
1936
49
Who was executed following Trial of 16
Zinvoiev, Kamanev and 14 of their supporters
50
What was the accusation for Trial of 16
Accused of Kirov's murder and plotting to disrupt FYPs
51
What was 1st trialed in Trail of 17
Yezhov's Conveyor belt system of pervasive torture and questioning
52
When was the Trial of 17
1937
53
Who was executed and imprisoned following Trial of 17
17 of Trotsky's former allies (including Sokolnikov, Pyatakov, Radek and Ordzhonikidze)
54
Accusation of Trial of 17
Plotting with foreign powers, terrorism and contact with Trotsky
55
When was the Trial of 21
1938
56
Who was purged in Trial of 21
Bukharin, Rykov, Yagoda and Tomsky Bukharin's wife and new-born baby threatened with execution Never gained a full confession from Bukarin but executed anyway
57
What were the charges if the Trial of 21
Bukharin: attempting to assasinate Lenin Others: Tryint to overthrow socialism and the murder of Kirov
58
Who was targted in Military Purge
``` Tukachevsky 2 Marshals of the Soviet Union 11 War Commisars 50% of officer corps 34,000 soldiers purged from army ```
59
When was Military Purge
1937
60
When was Stalin Constitution drafted and by who
1936 (1st year of Show Trials) | Dragted by Bukhrain
61
Purpose of Stalin Constitution
Give the illsion of democracy by promising four-yearly elections with right to vote for all over age of 18 (raised to 23 in 1945) and stated civil rights, religious freedom and freedom of speech (none of which existed and was just a paper measure) Main Purpose= Impress foreigners as seen via promise of local autonomy to ethnic groups and support for national cultures and languages
62
Yezhovshina date
1936-38
63
When was terror relaxed
1939
64
When was Trotsky assasinated and where
1940 | Mexico (exile)
65
Who set targets like Gosplan had and FYPs
NKVD set targets for arrests
66
How many party members were convicted of being enemies of the people 1934-38
330,000
67
Who announced a 'gigantic conspiracy' in May 1937 and what was it and what was consequence
Vyshinsky Conspiracy in Red Army Tukhachevsky and 7 other generals arrested . Tukachevsky chatged for having spied for Germany and Japan
68
Who was purged/ removed from party under Yezhovshina
All 11 War Commisars 3 of the 5 marshals dismissed 80 men from Supreme Military Council executed 14/16 army commanders removed 35,000 commissioned officers imprisoned or shot
69
Purpose of NKVD Order No. 00447
Demanded removal of 'anti-Soviet elements' from Russian society
70
How many people were on NKVD list of people belived to be involved in anti-Sov activity and what percent to be shot and gulag
Over 250,000 28% were to be shot Remaining given 8-10 years in gulag
71
How did Russians respond to NKVD Order No.00447
Many collaborated enthusiastically with state-sponsored persecution. Due to fear, but was also common for workers to denounce their bosses, hoping they'd be removed and they could therefore be promoted
72
What did Order 00447 set up and what did it do
Set up small NKVD committees at regional levels, which classified kulaks and other anti-Sov elements into 2 categories 1st= execution 2nd= gulags
73
What proportion of population was arrested under Yezhovshina
1/8 | 1 in every 8
74
How many were arrested within a month of arrest list. | How many of these sent to gulags and what professions
100,000 arrested 14,000 sent to gulags Included artists, musicians, writers, managers and adminstrators
75
How many members of party were removed between 1936-38
850,000
76
How many party members recruited since 1920 survived the purges/terror
Less than 1/4
77
What was the impact on some rural areas
Some rural areas went untouched
78
Inmate numbers 1935 and 1938
1935: 800,000 1938: 5.5-9.5 million
79
How do mortality rates in gulags compare to rest of Russia
4-6x higher in gulags
80
Which nationalities were deported (3 examples)
1937: Korean mortalities depotred to Asia 1939: Poles and Germans deported 1941: Volga Germans deported to Siberia
81
Who were arrested (religion)
Many Rabbis and religious leaders
82
When was Yezhov arrested and when shot
April 1939 | Feb 1940
83
Political impact of terror
Helped Stalin to maintain control and ensure conformity to Sov population. Destroyed all leading opponents Stalin= omly member of original 1917 CC alive by 1938
84
Who was the only member of the original 1917 CC alive by 1938
Stalin
85
Economic impact of terror
Coincided with economic slowdown of 1937 Led to shortage of industrial expertise and skilled labour as been accused of 'wreckers' or 'sabetours' In climate of fear, economic planning impossible, due to falsification of production figures by local Comm Party officials and factory managers fearful of failing to meet targets
86
When was economic slowdown
1937
87
People responsible for terror
Stalin= initiator and driving force Local offcials= Stalinism not all-embracing as often thought. so local officials use own initiative in applying terror. Disruption caused by indust and collect meant many resorted to extreme measures.

Russian History (31 decks)

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