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Principles of Nutrition > For final > Flashcards

For final Flashcards

1
Q

what is energy of measure of

A

a measure of how well a feed fuels the body

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2
Q

what was the old method of measuring energy

A

Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN)

-developed in 1898 but still used today in beef cow rations

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3
Q

how is TDN measured

A

calculated by measuring the overall digestibility of the energy contributing nutrients in a feed

  • used digestibility stalls
  • live animals
  • 10 day trial
  • measure lbs of nutrients lost in manure
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4
Q

If feeds have more protein, starch, and sugar do they have a higher or lower TDN

A

higher

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5
Q

What is the newer way to measure energy

A

Net Energy System

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6
Q

what does the Net energy system measure

A

measures not just feces energy losses but includes wasted feed energy as

  • feces
  • urine
  • GIT gases
  • body heat
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7
Q

what is energy measured in

A

calories

  • kilocalories
  • megacalories
  • joules
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8
Q

what are the steps in order in determining energy values in NE system

A
  1. Gross Energy
  2. Digestible Energy
  3. Metabolizable Energy
  4. Net Energy
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9
Q

What is the gross energy value

A

all the potential energy in feed “ heat of combustion”

-sample burned in bomb calorimeter

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10
Q

what is the metabolism chamber used for

A

Net energy caluclations

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11
Q

definition of net energy

A

energy animal has left after other losses are accounted for

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12
Q

what is net energy used for

A

body maintenance

  • maintain normal body temp
  • shiver
  • panting
  • body weight
  • basic cell activity
  • voluntary activity
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13
Q

3 factors affecting NEM (net energy maintenance)

A
  1. environmental conditions
  2. grazing vs. bunkfeed
  3. body weight
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14
Q

what is leftover Net energy used for

A

productive purposes

  1. milk production
  2. work
  3. reproduction
  4. wool/hair
  5. growth
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15
Q

what units of energy is used for these species of animals

  1. beef cows
  2. horses, rabbits, fish
  3. poultry, hogs, dogs, cats,
  4. ruminants
A
  1. TDN
  2. DE
  3. ME
  4. NE
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16
Q

what portion of feed are minerals found in

A

ash

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17
Q

what are the 2 classifications of minerals

A
  1. macro minerals

2. micro/trace minerals

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18
Q

what are macrominerals

A

minerals required in large amounts in diet

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19
Q

what are 7 of the macrominerals

A
  1. calcium
  2. phosphorus
  3. sodium
  4. chlorine
  5. potassium
  6. magnesium
  7. sulfur
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20
Q

what are trace minerals

A

minerals required in smaller amounts in diet

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21
Q

what are 11 trace minerals

A
  1. iron
  2. zinc
  3. copper
  4. manganese
  5. selenium
  6. iodine
  7. cobalt
  8. fluorine
  9. chromium
  10. boron
  11. silicon
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22
Q

what 2 minerals are required in such small amounts that they are not added to feeds because it could kill them

A

arsenic and lead

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23
Q

where must all minerals come from

A

diet or water

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24
Q

where are most minerals abosrbed

A

the small intestine and then straight into the blood

-some in the rumen or hindgut

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25
Q

how are dietary mineral requirements determined

A

reported in journals and national research council (NRC)

publications for each species

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26
Q

what are three ways that affect how well dietary minerals are absorbed (bioavailability)

A
  1. the level of other minerals in diet may decrease the bioavailability of a mineral. “mineral interactions”
  2. chemical form of a mineral.
  3. vitamins can enhance mineral bioavailability
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27
Q

functions of calcium

A

hardens bones/teeth (hydroxy apatite complex)

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28
Q

soft tissue functions of calcium

A
  1. helps clot blood
  2. helps nerve impulse transmission, muscles contract
  3. helps harden the shell on eggs
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29
Q

what is one sign of calcium deficiency

A

rickets(bones are soft and they will bend abnormally)

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30
Q

2 causes of mineral interaction

A
  1. formation of undigestible mineral complexes

2. excess minerals take up most of absorption sites along small intestine

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31
Q

2 calcium supplements

A
  1. ground limestone
  2. ground oyster shells

-good natural food sources like forages are better than grains

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32
Q

3 functions of phosphorus

A
  1. hardens bones
  2. phospholipids
    3 ATP cellular energy
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33
Q

3 deficiency signs of phosphorus

A
  1. general weakness
  2. infertility
  3. eating bones (osteophagia)
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34
Q

good sources of phosphorus

A

grains and soy

steamed bonemeal

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35
Q

2 functions of magnesium

A
  1. cofactor for many enzymes in cell metabolism

2. nerve impulses and muscle contraction

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36
Q

Mg deficiency

A

grass tetany

-cattle on lush pastures, can result in convulsions and death

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37
Q

what is a magnesium supplement

A

Mag Ox

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38
Q

what 3 minerals make up the electrolytes

A
  1. sodium
  2. chlorine
  3. potassium
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39
Q

what are the 2 functions of the electrolytes

A
  1. water movement within the body

2. Acid base balance

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40
Q

what is the main intracellular cation

A

potassium

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41
Q

how are electrolytes lost

A

sweat and diarrhea

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42
Q

term referring to a high body pH

A

alkalosis

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43
Q

what compound is fed to acidify the body more and who is it fed to

A

ammonium chloride

-dry dairy cows and feedlot lambs

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44
Q

what is the main function of sulfur

A

a component of 2 sulfur containing amino acids

  1. methionine
  2. cysteine
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45
Q

classify methionine and cysteine as essential or non essential amino acids

A

methionine is essential

cysteine is non esstential

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46
Q

what else is sulfur a component of besides amino acids

A

cartilage joint supplements

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47
Q

what are 2 sulfur containing joint supplements

A
  1. glucosamine sulfate

2. chondroitin sulfate

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48
Q

what is the best source of dietary sulfur

A

organic protein

49
Q

what are 3 sulfur deficiency signs

A
  1. poor performance/growth
  2. lack of protein
  3. for sheep- poor quality wool
50
Q

where is 80% of iron in the body

A

hemoglobin and myoglobin

51
Q

iron deficiency signs

A

anemia

-weakness, pale mucus membranes

52
Q

what are baby pigs injected with to help with their iron levels

A

iron dextrin injections

53
Q

function of copper

A

component of enzymes/proteins involved in hemoglobin and RBC formation

  • copper increases immune function, strengthens WBCs
  • necessary for melanin formation
54
Q

what animal is the most susceptible to copper toxicity

A

sheep

55
Q

2 roles of zinc

A
  1. enhances immune system

2. healthy hair coat, wool, and skin and feathers, hooves

56
Q

zinc deficiency

A

parakeratosis

-hair falls out, scaly skin

57
Q

role of iodine

A

component of 2 thyroid gland hormones

  1. thyroxine
  2. triiodothryonine
58
Q

deficiency sign for iodine

A

swelling of the thyroid gland

59
Q

what is the fancy term for a salt block or direct fed salts

A

trace mineralized salts

60
Q

role of cobalt

A

component of vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin)

-helps for RBCs properly

61
Q

deficiency signs of B12

A

anemic, wasting disease

62
Q

what is something about cobalt that is unique

A

can only be utilized by herbivores

63
Q

information on selenium

A
  1. very narrow tolerance levels in diet

2. FDA controls how it is purchased and used

64
Q

main function of selenium

A

component of enzyme glutathione peroxide

-helps prevent oxidative destruction of cell membranes

65
Q

deficiency signs of selenium

A
  1. stiff lamb disease
  2. white muscle disease
  3. retained placenta
66
Q

what are vitamins considered

A

mighty micronutrients

67
Q

what units are vitamin A,D, & E required

A

international units (IU’s)

68
Q

what are 5 sources of vitamins

A
  1. natural feeds
  2. dietary supplements (synthetic)
  3. injectable
  4. body cells can synthesize
  5. GIT microbes can synthesize
69
Q

what are 4 fat soluble vitamins

A

ADEK

70
Q

why are fat soluble vitamins more likely to reach toxic levels in the body

A

because of their storage capabilities in the liver and fat

71
Q

what are 2 water soluble vitamins

A

vitamin C and B complex

72
Q

information on the 2 water soluble vitamins

A

not stored well

- needed in diet or from gut microbes on more regular basis

73
Q

3 functions of vitamin A (retinol)

A
  1. epithelial cell health
  2. anti-infectious vitamin
  3. night vision
74
Q

4 deficiencies of vitamin A

A
  1. increase in sickness
  2. poor fertility
  3. night blindness
  4. young children can develop dry eye
75
Q

what is a vitamin A precursor

A

beta carotene

76
Q

what is beta carotene and what are some of its functions

A
  1. yellow pigment

2. converts to vitamin A when absorbed from SI

77
Q

what are good sources of beta carotene

A

orange corn, green fresh forages

78
Q

factors that destroy beta carotene

A
  1. UV light
  2. ensiling
  3. mold
  4. heat
  5. oxygen
79
Q

what is the vitamin D precursor and where is it found

A

ergosterol and its found in fresh cut forages

80
Q

where does vitamin D form

A

in forages

81
Q

what is the precursor of vitamin D in the skin

A

dehydrocholesterol

82
Q

what are synthetic vitamin D supplements

A
  1. UV irradiated yeast

2. UV irradiated wool grease

83
Q

how do birds get vitamin D

A

from their oil glands above their tail and when they preen themselves the oil is spread over their back and when they preen a second time later in the day they ingest some vitamin D

84
Q

function of vitamin D

A

increases intestinal calcium absorption

85
Q

deficiency of vitamin D

A

rickets

86
Q

what is vitamin D toxicity and examples this

A

calcium deposition in soft tissues

  • rat poison
  • calcium clogs arteries
87
Q

what is the official name of vitamin E and what is its function

A

Alpha tocopherol

-healthy muscle cell membranes

88
Q

deficiency of vitamin E

A

stiff lamb disease

white muscle disease

89
Q

sources of vitamin E

A

vegetable oils
fresh greens
nuts, olives

90
Q

function of vitamin K

A

clots blood

-works with vitamin D to ossify bones

91
Q

deficiency of vitamin K

A

uncontrolled bleeding

92
Q

does vitamin K need to be supplied in the diet of animals

A

not routinely because it can be synthesized in the GIT

93
Q

sources of vitamin K

A

green plants

94
Q

why do most animals not require vitamin C in their diet

A

because most can synthesize their own vitamin C from glucose

95
Q

functions of vitamin C

A

collagen synthesis

enhances iron absorption from GIT

96
Q

what are 8 of the B vitamins

A
  1. Thiamin,
  2. riboflavin
  3. niacin
  4. biotin
  5. pantothenic acid
  6. folate
  7. vitamin B6
  8. vitamin B12
97
Q

function of B vitamins

A

coenzymes

98
Q

deficiency of B vitamins

A

skin problems, no appetite, weakness, weight loss

99
Q

function of thiamin

A

cellular CHO metabolism (krebs cycle)

nervous system function

100
Q

deficiencies of thiamin

A 
circle walking (rats)
star gazing (poultry)
101
Q

what is the thiamin antagonist

A

thiaminase enzyme in raw fish

102
Q

function of riboflavin

A

krebs cycle

nervous system

103
Q

what is riboflavin destroyed by

A

UV light

104
Q

deficiency of riboflavin

A

curly toes

105
Q

functions of niacin

A

krebs cycle

helps prevent ketosis in dairy cattle

106
Q

deficiency of niacin

A

black tongue

107
Q

what excess amino acid can be converted into niacin

A

tryptophan

108
Q

what is the official name of vitamin B12

A

cyanocobalamin

109
Q

what was vitamin b12 first know as

A

animal protein factor

110
Q

what sources have b12 and what main source does not have any

A

sources: meat, milk, eggs, meat and bone meal

- none in plants

111
Q

functions of b12

A

proper RBC formation

112
Q

what two things can synthesize b12

A

bacteria in GIT and yeast

113
Q

what mineral can be converted to b12 by GIT microbes

A

cobalt

114
Q

what is needed for the absorption of vitamin b12

A

requires in the intrinsic factor secreted by the stomach

115
Q

deficiencies of folacin

A

anemia
abnormal fetuses
-CNS and skeleton most affected

116
Q

what is folacin added to

A

it is added to processed grain products

117
Q

what do blue salt blocks contain

A

cobalt and iodine and salt

118
Q

what do yellow salt blocks contain

A

sulfur and salt

Principles of Nutrition (9 decks)

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