For final Flashcards
what is energy of measure of
a measure of how well a feed fuels the body
what was the old method of measuring energy
Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN)
-developed in 1898 but still used today in beef cow rations
how is TDN measured
calculated by measuring the overall digestibility of the energy contributing nutrients in a feed
- used digestibility stalls
- live animals
- 10 day trial
- measure lbs of nutrients lost in manure
If feeds have more protein, starch, and sugar do they have a higher or lower TDN
higher
What is the newer way to measure energy
Net Energy System
what does the Net energy system measure
measures not just feces energy losses but includes wasted feed energy as
- feces
- urine
- GIT gases
- body heat
what is energy measured in
calories
- kilocalories
- megacalories
- joules
what are the steps in order in determining energy values in NE system
- Gross Energy
- Digestible Energy
- Metabolizable Energy
- Net Energy
What is the gross energy value
all the potential energy in feed “ heat of combustion”
-sample burned in bomb calorimeter
what is the metabolism chamber used for
Net energy caluclations
definition of net energy
energy animal has left after other losses are accounted for
what is net energy used for
body maintenance
- maintain normal body temp
- shiver
- panting
- body weight
- basic cell activity
- voluntary activity
3 factors affecting NEM (net energy maintenance)
- environmental conditions
- grazing vs. bunkfeed
- body weight
what is leftover Net energy used for
productive purposes
- milk production
- work
- reproduction
- wool/hair
- growth
what units of energy is used for these species of animals
- beef cows
- horses, rabbits, fish
- poultry, hogs, dogs, cats,
- ruminants
- TDN
- DE
- ME
- NE
what portion of feed are minerals found in
ash
what are the 2 classifications of minerals
- macro minerals
2. micro/trace minerals
what are macrominerals
minerals required in large amounts in diet
what are 7 of the macrominerals
- calcium
- phosphorus
- sodium
- chlorine
- potassium
- magnesium
- sulfur
what are trace minerals
minerals required in smaller amounts in diet
what are 11 trace minerals
- iron
- zinc
- copper
- manganese
- selenium
- iodine
- cobalt
- fluorine
- chromium
- boron
- silicon
what 2 minerals are required in such small amounts that they are not added to feeds because it could kill them
arsenic and lead
where must all minerals come from
diet or water
where are most minerals abosrbed
the small intestine and then straight into the blood
-some in the rumen or hindgut
how are dietary mineral requirements determined
reported in journals and national research council (NRC)
publications for each species
what are three ways that affect how well dietary minerals are absorbed (bioavailability)
- the level of other minerals in diet may decrease the bioavailability of a mineral. “mineral interactions”
- chemical form of a mineral.
- vitamins can enhance mineral bioavailability
functions of calcium
hardens bones/teeth (hydroxy apatite complex)
soft tissue functions of calcium
- helps clot blood
- helps nerve impulse transmission, muscles contract
- helps harden the shell on eggs
what is one sign of calcium deficiency
rickets(bones are soft and they will bend abnormally)
2 causes of mineral interaction
- formation of undigestible mineral complexes
2. excess minerals take up most of absorption sites along small intestine
2 calcium supplements
- ground limestone
- ground oyster shells
-good natural food sources like forages are better than grains
3 functions of phosphorus
- hardens bones
- phospholipids
3 ATP cellular energy
3 deficiency signs of phosphorus
- general weakness
- infertility
- eating bones (osteophagia)
good sources of phosphorus
grains and soy
steamed bonemeal
2 functions of magnesium
- cofactor for many enzymes in cell metabolism
2. nerve impulses and muscle contraction
Mg deficiency
grass tetany
-cattle on lush pastures, can result in convulsions and death
what is a magnesium supplement
Mag Ox
what 3 minerals make up the electrolytes
- sodium
- chlorine
- potassium
what are the 2 functions of the electrolytes
- water movement within the body
2. Acid base balance
what is the main intracellular cation
potassium
how are electrolytes lost
sweat and diarrhea
term referring to a high body pH
alkalosis
what compound is fed to acidify the body more and who is it fed to
ammonium chloride
-dry dairy cows and feedlot lambs
what is the main function of sulfur
a component of 2 sulfur containing amino acids
- methionine
- cysteine
classify methionine and cysteine as essential or non essential amino acids
methionine is essential
cysteine is non esstential
what else is sulfur a component of besides amino acids
cartilage joint supplements
what are 2 sulfur containing joint supplements
- glucosamine sulfate
2. chondroitin sulfate
what is the best source of dietary sulfur
organic protein
what are 3 sulfur deficiency signs
- poor performance/growth
- lack of protein
- for sheep- poor quality wool
where is 80% of iron in the body
hemoglobin and myoglobin
iron deficiency signs
anemia
-weakness, pale mucus membranes
what are baby pigs injected with to help with their iron levels
iron dextrin injections
function of copper
component of enzymes/proteins involved in hemoglobin and RBC formation
- copper increases immune function, strengthens WBCs
- necessary for melanin formation
what animal is the most susceptible to copper toxicity
sheep
2 roles of zinc
- enhances immune system
2. healthy hair coat, wool, and skin and feathers, hooves
zinc deficiency
parakeratosis
-hair falls out, scaly skin
role of iodine
component of 2 thyroid gland hormones
- thyroxine
- triiodothryonine
deficiency sign for iodine
swelling of the thyroid gland
what is the fancy term for a salt block or direct fed salts
trace mineralized salts
role of cobalt
component of vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin)
-helps for RBCs properly
deficiency signs of B12
anemic, wasting disease
what is something about cobalt that is unique
can only be utilized by herbivores
information on selenium
- very narrow tolerance levels in diet
2. FDA controls how it is purchased and used
main function of selenium
component of enzyme glutathione peroxide
-helps prevent oxidative destruction of cell membranes
deficiency signs of selenium
- stiff lamb disease
- white muscle disease
- retained placenta
what are vitamins considered
mighty micronutrients
what units are vitamin A,D, & E required
international units (IU’s)
what are 5 sources of vitamins
- natural feeds
- dietary supplements (synthetic)
- injectable
- body cells can synthesize
- GIT microbes can synthesize
what are 4 fat soluble vitamins
ADEK
why are fat soluble vitamins more likely to reach toxic levels in the body
because of their storage capabilities in the liver and fat
what are 2 water soluble vitamins
vitamin C and B complex
information on the 2 water soluble vitamins
not stored well
- needed in diet or from gut microbes on more regular basis
3 functions of vitamin A (retinol)
- epithelial cell health
- anti-infectious vitamin
- night vision
4 deficiencies of vitamin A
- increase in sickness
- poor fertility
- night blindness
- young children can develop dry eye
what is a vitamin A precursor
beta carotene
what is beta carotene and what are some of its functions
- yellow pigment
2. converts to vitamin A when absorbed from SI
what are good sources of beta carotene
orange corn, green fresh forages
factors that destroy beta carotene
- UV light
- ensiling
- mold
- heat
- oxygen
what is the vitamin D precursor and where is it found
ergosterol and its found in fresh cut forages
where does vitamin D form
in forages
what is the precursor of vitamin D in the skin
dehydrocholesterol
what are synthetic vitamin D supplements
- UV irradiated yeast
2. UV irradiated wool grease
how do birds get vitamin D
from their oil glands above their tail and when they preen themselves the oil is spread over their back and when they preen a second time later in the day they ingest some vitamin D
function of vitamin D
increases intestinal calcium absorption
deficiency of vitamin D
rickets
what is vitamin D toxicity and examples this
calcium deposition in soft tissues
- rat poison
- calcium clogs arteries
what is the official name of vitamin E and what is its function
Alpha tocopherol
-healthy muscle cell membranes
deficiency of vitamin E
stiff lamb disease
white muscle disease
sources of vitamin E
vegetable oils
fresh greens
nuts, olives
function of vitamin K
clots blood
-works with vitamin D to ossify bones
deficiency of vitamin K
uncontrolled bleeding
does vitamin K need to be supplied in the diet of animals
not routinely because it can be synthesized in the GIT
sources of vitamin K
green plants
why do most animals not require vitamin C in their diet
because most can synthesize their own vitamin C from glucose
functions of vitamin C
collagen synthesis
enhances iron absorption from GIT
what are 8 of the B vitamins
- Thiamin,
- riboflavin
- niacin
- biotin
- pantothenic acid
- folate
- vitamin B6
- vitamin B12
function of B vitamins
coenzymes
deficiency of B vitamins
skin problems, no appetite, weakness, weight loss
function of thiamin
cellular CHO metabolism (krebs cycle)
nervous system function
deficiencies of thiamin
circle walking (rats) star gazing (poultry)
what is the thiamin antagonist
thiaminase enzyme in raw fish
function of riboflavin
krebs cycle
nervous system
what is riboflavin destroyed by
UV light
deficiency of riboflavin
curly toes
functions of niacin
krebs cycle
helps prevent ketosis in dairy cattle
deficiency of niacin
black tongue
what excess amino acid can be converted into niacin
tryptophan
what is the official name of vitamin B12
cyanocobalamin
what was vitamin b12 first know as
animal protein factor
what sources have b12 and what main source does not have any
sources: meat, milk, eggs, meat and bone meal
- none in plants
functions of b12
proper RBC formation
what two things can synthesize b12
bacteria in GIT and yeast
what mineral can be converted to b12 by GIT microbes
cobalt
what is needed for the absorption of vitamin b12
requires in the intrinsic factor secreted by the stomach
deficiencies of folacin
anemia
abnormal fetuses
-CNS and skeleton most affected
what is folacin added to
it is added to processed grain products
what do blue salt blocks contain
cobalt and iodine and salt
what do yellow salt blocks contain
sulfur and salt
