Carbohydrates

Question 1

what is the most abundant dry matter in most animal feeds

Answer 1

carbs

Question 2

3 functions of carbohydrates

Answer 2

1. cellular energy
2. Health and tone of digestive tract wall
3. health microbe population in gut

Question 3

2 types of simple sugars

Answer 3

1. monosaccharides

2. disaccharides

Question 4

2 types of monosaccharides

Answer 4

1. pentoses (5 carbon sugars)

2. hexoses (6 carbon sugar

Question 5

3 types of pentoses

Answer 5

1. arabinose
2. ribose
3. xylose

Question 6

4 types of hexoses

Answer 6

1. glucose
2. fructose
3. galactose
4. mannose

Question 7

what holds disaccharides together

Answer 7

glycosidic bonds

Question 8

3 types of dissacharides

Answer 8

1. sucrose
2. maltose
3. lactose

Question 9

what makes up sucrose

Answer 9

glucose and fructose

Question 10

what makes up maltose

Answer 10

glucose and glucose

Question 11

what makes up lactose

Answer 11

glucose and galactose

Question 12

enzyme that breaks down starch

Answer 12

amylase

Question 13

how digestible are most simple sugars

Answer 13

98% digestible

Question 14

what are oligosaccharides

Answer 14

intermediate length chains of 3-10 glucose units, created by partial breakdown (hydrolysis) of larger starch molecule

Question 15

what is created when starch goes through a heat treatment

Answer 15

dextrins (which are sticky and used as adhesives

Question 16

what are the 3 types of polysaccharides

Answer 16

1. non structural
2. soluble fiber
3. glycogen

Question 17

non structural polysaccharides

Answer 17

• storage forms of energy

- starch which is 1,000s of glucose units kept together by alpha glycosidic bonds which amylase cant break

Question 18

good sources of starch in diet

Answer 18

1. cereal grains

- corn, oats, wheat, barely, rice, roots, tubers

Question 19

what percent of starch is digestible/fermentable

Answer 19

80-90%

Question 20

what percent of starch is “resistant starch”

Answer 20

10-20% and passes in manure

Question 21

Soluble fiber

Answer 21

when dried and ground, it interacts with water by forming a gel
ex: pectin

Question 22

what is one treatment for sand colic

Answer 22

pysillium

Question 23

what is pysillium

Answer 23

its from a grain husk and it helps treat sand colic

Question 24

what percent of soluble fiber is fermtable

Answer 24

70-80%

Question 25

what is glycogen (animal starch)

Answer 25

similar to starch molecule and it is stored in liver and muscle which is where it is drawn on for energy

Question 26

what is the condition where a horse cant break down glycogen

Answer 26

equine polysaccaride storage myopathy

Question 27

function of structural polysaccharides

Answer 27

provide structural support to the plant

• absorb water in gut and swell but dont dissolve and form a gel
• ex: cotton

Question 28

3 types of STRUCTURAL polysaccharides

Answer 28

cellulose
hemicellulose
lignin

Question 29

cellulose molecule

Answer 29

1000s of glucose in linear shape kept together by beta glycosidic bonds

Question 30

what can break down a cellulose molecule

Answer 30

cellulase

Question 31

what produces cellulase

Answer 31

microbes in the gut

Question 32

hemicellulose

Answer 32

chain of mix of 5 & 6 carbon sugars

60-80% fermentable

Question 33

Lignin

Answer 33

not a true carb of polysaccharide
totally undigestible and unfermentable
increases the stand-ability of plants

Question 34

what is special about “brown mid-rib”

Answer 34

corn silage that is low in lignin and more digestible