Digestion Flashcards
Neophobia
fear of anything new
neophilia
cautious acceptance of new feeds
delayed learning
animal tastes just a little of a new feed and it sees how its body reacts
avoidance/aversion training
if we want an animal to avoid poisonous plants in pasture:
- offer small amount of poisonous plant
- remove plant and dose animal with lithium chloride which causes nausea
- animal associates nausea with plant
2 main functions of the digestive tract
- to breakdown feed nutrients to a molecular size suitable for absorption (transport from gut into blood or lymph)
- Maintains a barrier against invading disease bacteria and viruses
- a healthy bacteria population population lining the gut walls help
what does GIT stand for
gastro intestinal tract (alimentary tract)
4 processes that breakdown nutrients
- mechanical
- chemical
- enzymes
- fermentation
examples of mechanical digestion
chewing, gizzard
example of chemical digestion
Hydrochlroric acid in the stomach
example of enzyme digestion
proteins that hydrolyze bonds in nutrients
example of fermentation digestion
gut microbes, produce enzymes that do the breakdown
end product for proteins in digestion
amino acids and small peptides which are absorbed in small intestines
end product of starch and sugars in digestion
monosaccharides (monogastrics)
VFA (ruminants)
end product of fiber in digestion
Monogastrics (undigested)
ruminants/horse (VFAs)
end product of fats and oils in digestion
all species
-free fatty acids + monoglycerides
how are GI tracts classified
by type of diet eaten
3 types of GI tracts
- Carnivore
- herbivore
- omnivore
carnivore GI tract characteristics What is digested Feed transit time What does it convert type of teeth
- mainly fat and protein digested, no carbs
- 10-14 hours rate of food passage
- can convert fat/protein into glucose
- teeth are sharp and pointed
what is the process of converting fat and protein into glucose
gluconeogenesis
herbivore GI tract characteristics size compartments type of digestion teeth
- some compartments are large in size
- many compartments
- fermentation (takes a long type)
- flat molars for grinding, sideways jaw movement
- ruminants dont have upper incisors (dental pad)
what type of digestive tract is
- short and simple
- long and complex
- intermediate length
- carnivore
- herbivore
- omnivore
omnivore digestive tract characteristics
compartments
who is an omnivore
teeth
- some larger compartments
- dogs, humans, bears
- canine teeth and grinding molars
limited microbe fermentation ability
3 types of GIT’s by DESIGN (type of stomach)
- monogastrics
- ruminants
- pseodoruminants
Describe the monogastric stomach
- one stomach compartment only
- its glandular
- the inner lining secretes enzymes and HCL
chickens, hogs, horses, dogs, cats
describe the ruminant stomach
one true glandular stomach and 3 stomach compartments that are non glandular
describe the pseudoruminant stomach
3 stomach compartments
llamas and alpacas
define Prehension
the taking in of feed into the mouth
what are the main prehensile parts of the following animals:
- cattle
- horses
- hogs
- sheep/goats
- tongue
- lips
- lower jaw
- lips (have a split lip called philtrum
define mastication and its benefits (4)
- breaks down particle size of feed
- eases swallowing
- increases surface area
- increases digestive enzyme attachment efficiency
2 types of processing of grains to increase digestive efficiency
- hammer mill (fine grind)
- roller mill (more uniform, larger particle size)
- rolling crimping cracking
3 types of salivary grands
- Parotid Gland
- Sublingual gland
- sub maxillary
What is the daily saliva volume in
- chicken
- horse
- cattle
- 10-30mL
- 10 gallons
- 40 gallons
Contents in Saliva (5)
- 97% water
- mucin
- sodium bicarbonate
- enzymes
- lysozyme
function of water in saliva (2)
- moistens bolus
2. increases taste sensation
function of mucin in saliva (3)
- a glyco-protein
- lubricates bolus
- in ruminants it disrupts foam bubbles in rumen
function of sodium bicarbonate in saliva
neutralizes acids in stomach or rumen, prevents excessive acidity
function of enzymes in saliva
start digestive process
amylase (starch)- none in herbivores
lipase (fats/oils)
function of lysozyme in saliva
does not digest dietary nutrients
bacteria killing
thats why animals lick wounds
define deglutition
swallowing
what is peristalsis
wave like contractions down the esophogus
what is reverse peristalsis
regurgitating a cud
define emesis
vomiting
-horses cant vomit because of the esophageal sphincter
define emetic
causes vomiting
hydrogen peroxide
