For exam 3 Flashcards
when are protein digesting capabilities depressed in mammals
the first 24-48 hours after birth
why are the protein digesting capabilities depressed in mammals for the first 24-48 hours after birth
- Colostrum contains immunoglobulins which are proteins
- these help fight diseases and should not be broken down - the first 12-24 hours SI lining is open to protein absorption
where are the immunoglobulins absorbed
the Lacteals (lymph) of the villi
where do all monosaccharide sugars absorbed from the small intestine to blood go to and what are they converted into
- Goes to the liver
2. converted to Glucose
What does the liver do with the sugars that it has turned into glucose (3 things)
- liver may use it for energy
- May store it as glycogen
- Pass on to bloodstream
In monogastrics how long does it take after a big meal for the blood glucose levels to increase
1 to 2 hours
Information about Insulin
- where is it synthesized
- when is it released into blood
- what does insulin do
- synthesized in the islet cells of pancreas
- released into blood when pancreas senses an increase in blood glucose
- insulin causes body cells to take up glucose from blood and levels decrease
What are glycemic index values for food/feeds
- numerical values assigned to human foods/horse feeds
2. the higher the number the greater the increase in blood glucose after a meal containing that food
Type II Diabetes in Humans
- what is its characteristic
- causes
- what happens
- consistently elevated blood glucose levels
- causes are: overweight, heavy sugar/starch consumption which constantly requires the insulin response
- plenty of insulin but the cells are less responsive to it
What is the equivalent to Type II diabetes in horses
Equine Metabolic Syndrome
- What is another name for Equine Metabolic Syndrome
- what are the symptoms
- how can you treat this problem
- Insulin Resistance
- symptoms: laminitis, lethargy, fat deposits, obesity
- decrease high sugar pasture grasses, sweet feed, and cereal grains
- instead use oil, protein, beet pulp, and rice bran
what are the bumps in the Large intestine called
sacculations (haustra)
what is the function of the sacculations
absorb water
Functions of the Large Intestine
- recycles H2O and feces are drier
2. Microbial fermentation
what are 4 enzymes produced by the microbes
- cellulase,
- hemicellulase
- amylase
- protease
what is fermented in the LI
- fiber
- residual starch
- residual protein
Main starch/fiber end products
Volatile fatty acids
3 Volatile acids
- Acetic Acid (2 Carbons) most abundant
- Propionic Acid (3 Carbons)
- Butyric Acid (4 carbons) least abundant
what are volatile fatty acids used for
- cell energy
2. fat and milk fat synthesis
what are 3 hind gut fermenters
horses
rats
rabbits
how much of a hind gut fermenters daily energy comes from VFAs
50%
what is coprophagy and who does this
- eat own/ others waste for more nutrients
2. horses, rats, rabbits,
why would an animal eat waste
- recycles undigested nutrients again for more utilization
- Young might eat mothers waste to get inoculating gut microbes from parent
- Mother might eat young’s feces so predators cant smell where the baby has been
what is the avian digestive tract designed for
eating quickly and flying away
what does precocial mean
requiring little to no parental care after birth
what is the roof of the avian mouth called and describe it
choanal slit
- papillae
- connection between nasal cavity and mouth
- sense of taste and smell limited
what is the crop in the avian GIT and its functions
- first compartment
- temporary storage
- not a lot of digestion
what is the proventriculus
glandular stomach in the avian GIT
-no rennin
what is the ventriculus
- gizzard
- thick muscular walls,
- seed eating birds ingest stones so when the stomach contracts it grinds up the seeds
what calcium source do laying hens need
course limestone
what enzyme does the avian SI not produce
lactase
What is unique about hindguts in poultry
- 2 ceca
2. microbe fermentation capability (also in other hind gut fermenters)
what are ratites and some characteristics
- large flightless birds
- large cecas
- can consume more plants in diet
- short colon
what is the cloaca
the common passageway for eggs, feces, and uric acid
what is uric acid
nitrogen containing waste product of birds
When should you not feed a horse a large meal
1 to 3 hours before working
why should you not feed a horse a large meal before working it
- presses on heart and lungs
2. blood is shunted to muscles and away from digestion
what is unique about equine teeth
they have continual eruption
-tooth comes up out of the gum when the crown gets worn done, gives the appearance of continuously growing teeth
Why are good teeth critical to horses (what are the negative effects of bad teeth)
- poor chewing
2. increases chance of impaction
Where does the SI attach to in equines
Attaches directly to the cecum rather than the LI
how many colons do horses have
2 colons
Ventral colon and dorsal colon
what fraction of the digestive tract is the hind gut in horses
2/3
What is the horse GIT designed for
many small meals throughout the day
- cant handle more than 3-4 lbs grain/meal
when does the horse GIT work best
if it is partially full
“trickle feeding”
-feed soaks up stomach HCL
What is Laminitis (founder)
pain and swelling in the laminae of the hoof
what is the bone in the hoof that is attached to the laminae
coffin bone
what are the signs of laminitis
- don’t move
- shift weight off front hooves
- surging pulse in digital artery
- hoof will be warm to the touch
what are the nutritional causes of laminitis
Carbohydrate Overload
- too much easily fermentable carbs
1. lush pastures (sugars
2. Cereal Grains (starch)
3. Fruit (sucrose)
What happens when there is carb overload in horses that causes laminitis
the normal site of starch and sugar digestion is the SI, but when there is an overload starch and sugar do not get broken down all the way and continue into the LI where they ferment
- VFAs increase very fast which lowers the acidity of the LI
- kills microbes
- death of microbes produce toxins which is absorbed into blood
- toxins go to hoof and disrupt blood flow
what is the ruminant GIT designed for
eat quickly and hide from predators
1. 3 pregastric compartments which can be considered enlargements of the esophogus
what two parts of the ruminant GIT play a small role in carb fermentation
and what is the main fermentation site
- Colon and Cecum
2. Rumen is the main site
What are 2 of the microbes in the rumen (which are also in the horse hindgut)
- Bacteria
2. Protozoa
Characteristics of Bacteria in the Rumen
- Number per mL
- How do they move
- What do they do
- one billion per mL rumen contents
- non motile, physically attach to feed particles
- bacteria release enzymes for fermentation
Characteristics of Protozoa in the Rumen
- number per mL
- how do they move
- what do they do
- Aerobic or anaerobic
- one million per mL rumen contents
- swim using flagella
- helps ferment feeds and preys on bacteria too as a source of nutrition
- Anaerobic
What type of relationship is there between microbes and host animal
synergistic
-mutually beneifical
What are 3 things that a host provides microbes
- warmth
- constant nutrient supply
- Ideal pH: 6.0-6.4
what is it called if the pH is below 5.5
acidosis
what 2 gases are contained in the gas pocket of the rumen
CO2 and methane
what is the technical term for cud chewing
rumination
how often do ruminants ruminate
in 20-30 minute periods throughout the day
totals 8-11 hours per day
what are the 3 steps of rumination
- regurgitate a cud which is triggered by solids near cardia
- rechews for 30 seconds
- reswallow
What are 3 important reasons why its good for rumination
- decrease particle size so it can pass out of reticulo-rumen
- increase surface area of feeds
- increases salivation
what type of feed is an effective form of forage fiber stimulation that increases chewing
long dry hay
what happens to cattle that are on a high grain diet
- do not ruminate very much
- “sham cud chewing” ( fake cud chewing)
define eructation
releases of gases from the rumen
how much gas is eructated from the rumen per hour and when is it greater
- 30-100L/hr
2. greater on pasture
what causes eructation
stimulation by presence of gas pocket near cardia
define bloat
build up of unreleased gas
-left side of body balloons
what causes bloat
- genetic or young calves
- choking
- legume pasture or high grain diet
What causes frothy/foamy bloat and what are some treatements
- the gas instead turns to a foam and cannot be released
Treatments
- tube into rumen plus mineral oil/H2O
- Poloxalene
what is the term meaning before abomasum
pregastric
what percent of all carbs, proteins, fats, and oils are modified in some way by microbes
70-80%
what percent of carb fermentation is digested in the Small intestine of ruminants
less than 10%
what percent of all 1. Fiber 2. Starch 3. Sugars are fermented by microbes
- 50-70% fiber
- 90% starch
- 98% sugars
what are the 2 aspects of rumen development in young ruminants
- overall size and muscle development
2. papillae growth and development
what is micro-encapsulation of omega 3’s
a coating around omega 2 oil prevents the omega 3 from being saturated while being in the rumen
- capsule dissolves in the abomasum and releases oil as tryglycerides
- lipase enzyme in small intestine breaks them down and is absorbed into lymph
what is a protein a carrier for
carrier for needed amino acids
what is the main source of AA’s for monogastrics
diet proteins
where do ruminants get AA’s from
get them from diet proteins and microbes protein in bacterial cells
what percent of the daily total amino acids comes from bacteria in ruminants
more than 50%
what makes up plant proteins
group of 20+ amino acids
what are the 4 most likely limiting essential AA’s
- lysine
- methionine
- threonine
- tryptophan
what is the definition of Protein quality
how well a feed’s protein provides amino acids in relation to the AA requirements of the animal
“AA profile”
what are 4 high quality protein sources
- eggs
- meat
- milk
- fish
what are 2 types of medium quality protein sources
soybeans, cereal grains
what are 2 types of low quality protein
keratin, collagen
corn and cereal grains are low in what AA and a good source of what AA
low in lysine
good source of methionine
soy products are high in what AA but low in what AA
good source of lysine
low in methionine
what AA’s are legume feeds high and low in
high in lysine
low in methionine
3 things about monogastric diets regarding amino acids
- dietary amino acid balance is critical
- very well researched
- AA levels in feeds well known
3 things about ruminant diets regarding amino acids
- dietary amino acid balance less critical
- rumen microves can synthesize essential AAs
- microbial protein digested in SI is high quality protein
what is a feed additive that can provide amino acids
Purified Synthetic Essential Amino Acids
The body cannot store excess amino acids, so what happens to any excess amino acids
Daily amino acids not needed for protein synthesis are degraded in liver and the nitrogen is excreted in manure, (urea in mammals, uric acid in poultry)
what is an environmental benefit to using pure amino acid supplements
less excess nitrogen in manure and soil
what are the 2 main nutrients for rumen microbial protein synthesis and what are 2 sources of these
VFA’s and Ammonia
- degradable diet protein (RDP)
- Dietary Urea
what are microflora and what do they do
- good bacteria
2. they line gut and mix with gut contents
2 good species of bacteria
- lactobacillus
2. bifidobacterium
what do the good bacteria in the SI help inhibit
helps inhibit pathogenic bacteria from taking up residence
2 types of pathogenic bacteria
- E.coli
2. salmonella
what are 5 ways good bacteria population decreases
- stress
- withholding feed/water
- illness
- major diet changes
- oral antibiotics
2 ways to re-establish good bacteria
- probiotics
2. prebiotics
what are prebiotics and what do they do
prebiotics are natural or synthetic carbs
they stimulate growth and development of good bacteria
what are 2 examples of prebiotics
- inulin
2. lactulose
