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Principles of Nutrition > For exam 3 > Flashcards

For exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

when are protein digesting capabilities depressed in mammals

A

the first 24-48 hours after birth

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2
Q

why are the protein digesting capabilities depressed in mammals for the first 24-48 hours after birth

A
  1. Colostrum contains immunoglobulins which are proteins
    - these help fight diseases and should not be broken down
  2. the first 12-24 hours SI lining is open to protein absorption
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3
Q

where are the immunoglobulins absorbed

A

the Lacteals (lymph) of the villi

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4
Q

where do all monosaccharide sugars absorbed from the small intestine to blood go to and what are they converted into

A
  1. Goes to the liver

2. converted to Glucose

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5
Q

What does the liver do with the sugars that it has turned into glucose (3 things)

A
  1. liver may use it for energy
  2. May store it as glycogen
  3. Pass on to bloodstream
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6
Q

In monogastrics how long does it take after a big meal for the blood glucose levels to increase

A

1 to 2 hours

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7
Q

Information about Insulin

  1. where is it synthesized
  2. when is it released into blood
  3. what does insulin do
A
  1. synthesized in the islet cells of pancreas
  2. released into blood when pancreas senses an increase in blood glucose
  3. insulin causes body cells to take up glucose from blood and levels decrease
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8
Q

What are glycemic index values for food/feeds

A
  1. numerical values assigned to human foods/horse feeds

2. the higher the number the greater the increase in blood glucose after a meal containing that food

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9
Q

Type II Diabetes in Humans

  1. what is its characteristic
  2. causes
  3. what happens
A
  1. consistently elevated blood glucose levels
  2. causes are: overweight, heavy sugar/starch consumption which constantly requires the insulin response
  3. plenty of insulin but the cells are less responsive to it
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10
Q

What is the equivalent to Type II diabetes in horses

A

Equine Metabolic Syndrome

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11
Q
  1. What is another name for Equine Metabolic Syndrome
  2. what are the symptoms
  3. how can you treat this problem
A
  1. Insulin Resistance
  2. symptoms: laminitis, lethargy, fat deposits, obesity
  3. decrease high sugar pasture grasses, sweet feed, and cereal grains
    - instead use oil, protein, beet pulp, and rice bran
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12
Q

what are the bumps in the Large intestine called

A

sacculations (haustra)

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13
Q

what is the function of the sacculations

A

absorb water

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14
Q

Functions of the Large Intestine

A
  1. recycles H2O and feces are drier

2. Microbial fermentation

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15
Q

what are 4 enzymes produced by the microbes

A
  1. cellulase,
  2. hemicellulase
  3. amylase
  4. protease
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16
Q

what is fermented in the LI

A
  1. fiber
  2. residual starch
  3. residual protein
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17
Q

Main starch/fiber end products

A

Volatile fatty acids

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18
Q

3 Volatile acids

A
  1. Acetic Acid (2 Carbons) most abundant
  2. Propionic Acid (3 Carbons)
  3. Butyric Acid (4 carbons) least abundant
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19
Q

what are volatile fatty acids used for

A
  1. cell energy

2. fat and milk fat synthesis

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20
Q

what are 3 hind gut fermenters

A

horses
rats
rabbits

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21
Q

how much of a hind gut fermenters daily energy comes from VFAs

A

50%

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22
Q

what is coprophagy and who does this

A
  1. eat own/ others waste for more nutrients

2. horses, rats, rabbits,

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23
Q

why would an animal eat waste

A
  1. recycles undigested nutrients again for more utilization
  2. Young might eat mothers waste to get inoculating gut microbes from parent
  3. Mother might eat young’s feces so predators cant smell where the baby has been
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24
Q

what is the avian digestive tract designed for

A

eating quickly and flying away

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25
Q

what does precocial mean

A

requiring little to no parental care after birth

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26
Q

what is the roof of the avian mouth called and describe it

A

choanal slit

  • papillae
  • connection between nasal cavity and mouth
  • sense of taste and smell limited
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27
Q

what is the crop in the avian GIT and its functions

A
  1. first compartment
  2. temporary storage
  3. not a lot of digestion
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28
Q

what is the proventriculus

A

glandular stomach in the avian GIT

-no rennin

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29
Q

what is the ventriculus

A
  1. gizzard
  2. thick muscular walls,
  3. seed eating birds ingest stones so when the stomach contracts it grinds up the seeds
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30
Q

what calcium source do laying hens need

A

course limestone

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31
Q

what enzyme does the avian SI not produce

A

lactase

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32
Q

What is unique about hindguts in poultry

A
  1. 2 ceca

2. microbe fermentation capability (also in other hind gut fermenters)

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33
Q

what are ratites and some characteristics

A
  1. large flightless birds
  2. large cecas
  3. can consume more plants in diet
  4. short colon
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34
Q

what is the cloaca

A

the common passageway for eggs, feces, and uric acid

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35
Q

what is uric acid

A

nitrogen containing waste product of birds

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36
Q

When should you not feed a horse a large meal

A

1 to 3 hours before working

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37
Q

why should you not feed a horse a large meal before working it

A
  1. presses on heart and lungs

2. blood is shunted to muscles and away from digestion

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38
Q

what is unique about equine teeth

A

they have continual eruption

-tooth comes up out of the gum when the crown gets worn done, gives the appearance of continuously growing teeth

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39
Q

Why are good teeth critical to horses (what are the negative effects of bad teeth)

A
  1. poor chewing

2. increases chance of impaction

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40
Q

Where does the SI attach to in equines

A

Attaches directly to the cecum rather than the LI

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41
Q

how many colons do horses have

A

2 colons

Ventral colon and dorsal colon

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42
Q

what fraction of the digestive tract is the hind gut in horses

A

2/3

43
Q

What is the horse GIT designed for

A

many small meals throughout the day

- cant handle more than 3-4 lbs grain/meal

44
Q

when does the horse GIT work best

A

if it is partially full
“trickle feeding”
-feed soaks up stomach HCL

45
Q

What is Laminitis (founder)

A

pain and swelling in the laminae of the hoof

46
Q

what is the bone in the hoof that is attached to the laminae

A

coffin bone

47
Q

what are the signs of laminitis

A
  1. don’t move
  2. shift weight off front hooves
  3. surging pulse in digital artery
  4. hoof will be warm to the touch
48
Q

what are the nutritional causes of laminitis

A

Carbohydrate Overload

  • too much easily fermentable carbs
    1. lush pastures (sugars
    2. Cereal Grains (starch)
    3. Fruit (sucrose)
49
Q

What happens when there is carb overload in horses that causes laminitis

A

the normal site of starch and sugar digestion is the SI, but when there is an overload starch and sugar do not get broken down all the way and continue into the LI where they ferment

  1. VFAs increase very fast which lowers the acidity of the LI
  2. kills microbes
  3. death of microbes produce toxins which is absorbed into blood
  4. toxins go to hoof and disrupt blood flow
50
Q

what is the ruminant GIT designed for

A

eat quickly and hide from predators

1. 3 pregastric compartments which can be considered enlargements of the esophogus

51
Q

what two parts of the ruminant GIT play a small role in carb fermentation
and what is the main fermentation site

A
  1. Colon and Cecum

2. Rumen is the main site

52
Q

What are 2 of the microbes in the rumen (which are also in the horse hindgut)

A
  1. Bacteria

2. Protozoa

53
Q

Characteristics of Bacteria in the Rumen

  1. Number per mL
  2. How do they move
  3. What do they do
A
  1. one billion per mL rumen contents
  2. non motile, physically attach to feed particles
  3. bacteria release enzymes for fermentation
54
Q

Characteristics of Protozoa in the Rumen

  1. number per mL
  2. how do they move
  3. what do they do
  4. Aerobic or anaerobic
A
  1. one million per mL rumen contents
  2. swim using flagella
  3. helps ferment feeds and preys on bacteria too as a source of nutrition
  4. Anaerobic
55
Q

What type of relationship is there between microbes and host animal

A

synergistic

-mutually beneifical

56
Q

What are 3 things that a host provides microbes

A
  1. warmth
  2. constant nutrient supply
  3. Ideal pH: 6.0-6.4
57
Q

what is it called if the pH is below 5.5

A

acidosis

58
Q

what 2 gases are contained in the gas pocket of the rumen

A

CO2 and methane

59
Q

what is the technical term for cud chewing

A

rumination

60
Q

how often do ruminants ruminate

A

in 20-30 minute periods throughout the day

totals 8-11 hours per day

61
Q

what are the 3 steps of rumination

A
  1. regurgitate a cud which is triggered by solids near cardia
  2. rechews for 30 seconds
  3. reswallow
62
Q

What are 3 important reasons why its good for rumination

A
  1. decrease particle size so it can pass out of reticulo-rumen
  2. increase surface area of feeds
  3. increases salivation
63
Q

what type of feed is an effective form of forage fiber stimulation that increases chewing

A

long dry hay

64
Q

what happens to cattle that are on a high grain diet

A
  • do not ruminate very much

- “sham cud chewing” ( fake cud chewing)

65
Q

define eructation

A

releases of gases from the rumen

66
Q

how much gas is eructated from the rumen per hour and when is it greater

A
  1. 30-100L/hr

2. greater on pasture

67
Q

what causes eructation

A

stimulation by presence of gas pocket near cardia

68
Q

define bloat

A

build up of unreleased gas

-left side of body balloons

69
Q

what causes bloat

A
  1. genetic or young calves
  2. choking
  3. legume pasture or high grain diet
70
Q

What causes frothy/foamy bloat and what are some treatements

A
  1. the gas instead turns to a foam and cannot be released

Treatments

  1. tube into rumen plus mineral oil/H2O
  2. Poloxalene
71
Q

what is the term meaning before abomasum

A

pregastric

72
Q

what percent of all carbs, proteins, fats, and oils are modified in some way by microbes

A

70-80%

73
Q

what percent of carb fermentation is digested in the Small intestine of ruminants

A

less than 10%

74
Q 
what percent of all 
1. Fiber
2. Starch
3. Sugars
are fermented by microbes
A
  1. 50-70% fiber
  2. 90% starch
  3. 98% sugars
75
Q

what are the 2 aspects of rumen development in young ruminants

A
  1. overall size and muscle development

2. papillae growth and development

76
Q

what is micro-encapsulation of omega 3’s

A

a coating around omega 2 oil prevents the omega 3 from being saturated while being in the rumen

  • capsule dissolves in the abomasum and releases oil as tryglycerides
  • lipase enzyme in small intestine breaks them down and is absorbed into lymph
77
Q

what is a protein a carrier for

A

carrier for needed amino acids

78
Q

what is the main source of AA’s for monogastrics

A

diet proteins

79
Q

where do ruminants get AA’s from

A

get them from diet proteins and microbes protein in bacterial cells

80
Q

what percent of the daily total amino acids comes from bacteria in ruminants

A

more than 50%

81
Q

what makes up plant proteins

A

group of 20+ amino acids

82
Q

what are the 4 most likely limiting essential AA’s

A
  1. lysine
  2. methionine
  3. threonine
  4. tryptophan
83
Q

what is the definition of Protein quality

A

how well a feed’s protein provides amino acids in relation to the AA requirements of the animal
“AA profile”

84
Q

what are 4 high quality protein sources

A
  1. eggs
  2. meat
  3. milk
  4. fish
85
Q

what are 2 types of medium quality protein sources

A

soybeans, cereal grains

86
Q

what are 2 types of low quality protein

A

keratin, collagen

87
Q

corn and cereal grains are low in what AA and a good source of what AA

A

low in lysine

good source of methionine

88
Q

soy products are high in what AA but low in what AA

A

good source of lysine

low in methionine

89
Q

what AA’s are legume feeds high and low in

A

high in lysine

low in methionine

90
Q

3 things about monogastric diets regarding amino acids

A
  1. dietary amino acid balance is critical
  2. very well researched
  3. AA levels in feeds well known
91
Q

3 things about ruminant diets regarding amino acids

A
  1. dietary amino acid balance less critical
  2. rumen microves can synthesize essential AAs
  3. microbial protein digested in SI is high quality protein
92
Q

what is a feed additive that can provide amino acids

A

Purified Synthetic Essential Amino Acids

93
Q

The body cannot store excess amino acids, so what happens to any excess amino acids

A

Daily amino acids not needed for protein synthesis are degraded in liver and the nitrogen is excreted in manure, (urea in mammals, uric acid in poultry)

94
Q

what is an environmental benefit to using pure amino acid supplements

A

less excess nitrogen in manure and soil

95
Q

what are the 2 main nutrients for rumen microbial protein synthesis and what are 2 sources of these

A

VFA’s and Ammonia

  1. degradable diet protein (RDP)
  2. Dietary Urea
96
Q

what are microflora and what do they do

A
  1. good bacteria

2. they line gut and mix with gut contents

97
Q

2 good species of bacteria

A
  1. lactobacillus

2. bifidobacterium

98
Q

what do the good bacteria in the SI help inhibit

A

helps inhibit pathogenic bacteria from taking up residence

99
Q

2 types of pathogenic bacteria

A
  1. E.coli

2. salmonella

100
Q

what are 5 ways good bacteria population decreases

A
  1. stress
  2. withholding feed/water
  3. illness
  4. major diet changes
  5. oral antibiotics
101
Q

2 ways to re-establish good bacteria

A
  1. probiotics

2. prebiotics

102
Q

what are prebiotics and what do they do

A

prebiotics are natural or synthetic carbs

they stimulate growth and development of good bacteria

103
Q

what are 2 examples of prebiotics

A
  1. inulin

2. lactulose

Principles of Nutrition (9 decks)

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