Foot Comp Flashcards
Angling for low and high arches on an AP axial foot
Low arch = decrease angle
High arch = increase angle
Angling for flexion/extension of the ankle joint on an AP axial foot
Ankle at 90 degrees: decrease angle
Ankle extended (toes pointed): increase angle (increase distortion)
Weightbearing: decrease angle
Angling the foot for low and high arches for AP medial oblique foot
Low arch: 30 degrees
High arch: 45 degrees
How to know if a oblique foot is over/under rotated?
Under: cuneiform-cuboid joint space is closed and the 4th metatarsal base superimposes the 5th metatarsal base
Under: cuneiform-cuboid joint space closed, lateral cuneiform thrown over others
What causes arch of foot to fall on a lateral weightbearing foot?
Weakened tendons and ligaments
What attaches to the tuberosity of the base of the 5th metatarsal?
Tendon
Where are sesamoid bones found?
Embedded in tendons
Plantar surface of the head of the 1st metatarsal (tibial-medial and fibular-lateral)
What projections are used to demonstrate a fracture of the sesamoid bones?
Tangential with 0 deg angle
What is another word for the navicular?
Scaphoid
What is another word for the talus?
Astralagus
What is another name for the calcaneus?
Os Calcis
Tarsals compared to carpals?
Larger and less mobile, they provide a base of support for the body when standing
What is a common site for bone spurs?
Calcaneal tuberosity
What attaches to the calcaneal tuberosity?
Achilles tendon
What is opposite the sustentaculum tali?
Peroneal trochlea
What is the sustentaculum tali for?
“Support for the talus”
What articular surfaces of the calcaneus make up the subtalar joint?
Anterior, middle, and posterior articular facet
What is between the middle and posterior facet?
Calcaneal sulcus?
What is the opening is the subtalar joint?
Sinus tarsi?
What passes through the calcaneal sulcus?
Ligaments
What does the talus articulate with?
Tibia, fibula, navicular, calcaneus
What metatarsals articulate with what tarsals?
Medial cuneiform: 1 and 2
Intermediate cuneiform: 2
Lateral cuneiform: 2, 3, 4
Cuboid: 4 and 5
Largest and smallest cuneiform?
Largest: medial
Smallest: lateral
What does the cuboid occasionally articulate with?
Navicular
Where is the transverse arch located?
Plantar surface of distal tarsals
All joints of the lower limb (except tibiofibular) are classified as?
Synovial joints
Diarthrodial
Distal tibiofibular joints classification?
Fibrous
Amphiarthrodial
Interphalangeal joint classification?
Ginglymus/hinge
Flexion/extension
Metatarsophalangeal joint classification?
Modified ellipsoidal/condyloid
Flexion/extension, adduction/abduction
Circumduction like hand generally not possible
Tarsometatarsal joint classification?
Plane/gliding
Limited gliding
Intertarsal joint classification?
Plane/gliding
Gliding, rotation, inversion, eversion
Ankle joint classification?
Sellar/saddle
Dorsiflexion/plantarflexion
Another name for AP foot projection?
Dorsoplantar
Another name for PA projection of the foot?
Plantodorsal
Decreasing the angle between the dorsum pedis and lower leg?
Dorsiflex
Inward turning/bending of the ankle?
Inversion
Most sprained ankles result from?
An accidental forced eversion or inversion
Foot technique?
60 kV @ 2mAs
What is a lisfranc joint injury?
Abnormal separation between the 1st and 2nd metatarsals
To what does the Lisfranc ligament attach?
Medial cuneiform to the 1st and 2nd metatarsal
Where is the Lisfranc ligament best demonstrated?
Weightbearing AP and lateral foot projection
Enchondroma?
Slow growing benign cartilagenous tumour found in small bones of hands and feet of adolescents and young adults
Radiolucent tumours, thin cortex, pathological fractures
What is gout?
Uric acid deposits in joints and other tissues
Common ins 1st MTP joint, men 30+ more prone
What is a joint effusion?
Fluid in the joint
Osteoarthritis?
Degenerative joint disease, narrowing of joint spaces
Osteomalacia?
Rickets
Bone softening
Bowing due to soft bone
Paget’s disease?
Dense, but soft bone “cotton wool”
Increase technique
Reiter’s syndrome?
Bony erosion at achilles tendon insertion on postersuperior calcaneus, bilateral
Osteoporosis?
Decreased bone density
Decrease technique
Fat pads of the foot/ankle?
- Anterior pre-talar fat pad
- Posterior pericapsular fat pad
Where is the anterior pretalar fat pad located? What does displacement indicate?
Anterior to the ankle joint next to the neck of the talus
Displacement indicates joint effusion and possible underlying injuries
Where is the posterior pericapsular fat pad located?
Within the indentation formed by the articulation of the posterior tibia and talar bones
Less sensitive and requires more fluid evasion to be displaced
What reduces usefulness of the anterior pretalar fat pad?
Plantarflexion flattens it
How do you angle the foot for a tangential sesamoid bone projection?
15 to 20 degrees
Lateral oblique opposed to medial oblique-what is demonstrated better?
- space between 1st and 2nd metatarsals
- cuneiforms
- navicular
