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MRT Year 2 > CAMRT Review: CT Theory 2 > Flashcards

CAMRT Review: CT Theory 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Other names for scout images?

A
  • localizer
  • reference
  • topogram
  • scanogram
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2
Q

Is ventral the anterior or posterior part of the body?

A

Anterior

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3
Q

What does intermediate mean?

A

Between 2 structures

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4
Q

What does ipsilateral mean?

A

On the same side of the body

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5
Q

What does contralateral mean?

A

On the opposite side of the body

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6
Q

What does rostral mean?

A

Towards the nose

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7
Q

What does thenar mean?

A

The base of the thumb

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8
Q

Shoulder muscles?

A
  • Supraspinatus: lies in the fossa
  • Infraspinatus: large, triangular
  • Teres minor: lies just below the infraspinatus
  • Subscapularis: only one anterior
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9
Q

Positioning for lower extremities?

A
  • Supine, feet first
  • No rotation
  • Axial plane perpendicular to anatomy
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10
Q

Positioning for upper extremities?

A
  • Supine, head first
  • No rotation
  • Axial plane perpendicular to anatomy
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11
Q

Shoulder: anatomy included, SFOV, DFOV, Algorithms, WW, WL, techniques, Reconstructions

A 
Anatomy: AC joint to Scapular tip
SFOV: Large (body)
DFOV: 25cm, skin surface to midline
Algorithm: Bone, WW2000 WL500
Recons: standard, MPR, 3D SR and SSD
kVp 140 mA 300
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12
Q

Elbow: anatomy included, SFOV, DFOV, Algorithms, WW, WL, techniques, Reconstructions

A

Anatomy: above elbow joint to below radial tuberosity
SOFV: large (body)
DFOV: 15cm
Algorithm: Bone WW2000 WL500
kVp 140 mA 300
Recons: standard (soft tissue), MPR, 3D SR and SSD

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13
Q

Elbow positioning

A
  • prone

- affected arm extended over head

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14
Q

Shoulder positioning?

A
  • supine
  • affected arm at side
  • unaffected arm raised above head
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15
Q

Wrist positioning?

A
  • prone

- affected arm extended over head

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16
Q

Wrist: anatomy included, SFOV, DFOV, Algorithms, WW, WL, techniques, Reconstructions

A

Anatomy: proximal wrist joint to proximal metacarpals
SFOV: large(body)
DFOV: 10 cm
Algorithm: bone WW2000 WL500
kVp 140 mA 300
Recons: standard (soft tissue), MPR, 3D SR and SSD

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17
Q

Hip positioning?

A
  • supine

- legs flat on table

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18
Q

Hip: anatomy included, SFOV, DFOV, Algorithms, WW, WL, techniques, Reconstructions

A

Anatomy: above SI joints to 4cm below lesser trochanters
SFOV: large (body)
DFOV: 30 cm, symph to skin surface
Algorithm: bone WW2000 WL500
kVp 140 mA400
Recons: Standard (soft tissue), MPR, 3D SR and SSD

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19
Q

Knee/tibial plateau positioning?

A
  • supine
  • legs flat on table
  • tape feet together to prevent motion
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20
Q

Knee: anatomy included, SFOV, DFOV, Algorithms, WW, WL, techniques, Reconstructions

A

Anatomy: above patella to below fibular head
SFOV: large (body)
DFOV: 20cm
Algorithm: *bone plus (more detail) WW2000 WL500
kVp 140 mA 300
Recons: standard (soft tissue), MPR, 3D SR and SSD

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21
Q

Ankle positioning?

A
  • supine
  • legs flat on table
  • dorsiflex affected foot
  • move unaffected foot out of area of interest
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22
Q

Ankle: anatomy included, SFOV, DFOV, Algorithms, WW, WL, techniques, Reconstructions

A

Anatomy: above ankle joint through calcaneus
SFOV: large (body)
DFOV: 16cm
Algorithm: *bone plus WW2000 WL500
kVp: 140 mA 300
Recons: standard (soft tissue), MPR, 3D SR and SSD

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23
Q

Where does the pisiform sit on the triquetrum?

A

Posterior

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24
Q

What is the largest sesamoid bone?

A

Patella

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25
3 fossas of the head?
- Anterior cranial fossa - Middle cranial fossa - Posterior cranial fossa
26
What structures are located in the anterior cranial fossa?
- frontal bone - ethmoid bone - less wings of sphenoid
27
What structures are located in the middle cranial fossa?
- sphenoid bone - end of carotid canal - temporal bone
28
What structures are located in the posterior cranial fossa?
- jugular foramen - occipital bone - foramen magnum
29
What is the tuberculum sellae?
Anterior portion of the sella turcica
30
Where are the hypoglossal canals located?
-anterolateral to foramen magnum
31
What does the flax cerebri separate?
The cerebral hemispheres
32
What separates the cerebrum and cerebellum?
Tentorium cerebelli
33
4 ventricles of the brain?
- Right lateral - Left lateral - 3rd ventricle - 4th ventricle
34
What separates the right and left lateral ventricles?
The septum pellucidum
35
Where is the cerebral aqueduct?
Between the 3rd and 4th ventricles
36
Where is the 4th ventricle in relation to the pons?
Posterior
37
Which layer of the meninges is highly vascular?
Pia mater
38
3 parts of the lateral ventricles?
- anterior/frontal - posterior/occipital - inferior/temporal
39
Ct number for grey and white matter?
Grey: 35-45 White: 20-30 **grey is more dense than white*
40
What is the largest and most dense collection of white matter? Where is it located?
Corpus callosum - midline - roof of lateral ventricles - connects right and left cerebral hemispheres
41
4 segments of the corpus callosum?
- Rostrum - Genu - Body - Splenium
42
What separates the temporal lobes from the parietal lobes?
Lateral (sylvian) fissure
43
Major components of the diencephalon?
- thalamus: walls of 3rd ventricle - hypothalamus: below thalamus, floor or 3rd ventricle - pituitary gland - epithalamus: most posterior
44
What connects the pituitary gland to the thalamus?
Infundibulum
45
What does the pons sit between?
Anterior to cerebellum | Posterior to clivus
46
2 main pairs of arteries that supply blood to the brain?
- internal carotid arteries: anterior circulation | - vertebral arteries: posterior circulation
47
What does the internal carotid artery branch into?
Anterior cerebral and middle cerebral
48
What do the vertebral arteries unite to form? Where?
The basilar artery anterior to the pons
49
What makes up the circle of willis?
- anterior and posterior cerebral arteries - anterior and posterior communicating arteries - internal carotid arteries - middle cerebral arteries ?
50
Where do the veins of the brain drain?
-dural sinuses and ultimately into the internal jugular veins int he neck
51
Major dural sinuses?
-Superior sagittal sinus -Inferior sagittal sinus -Straight sinus (Theres also the transverse and sigmoid)
52
Where do the posterior cerebral arteries supply blood to?
- occipital lobe | - inferior temporal lobesq
53
Where do the anterior cerebral arteries supply blood to?
- frontal lobe | - parietal lobes
54
Where does the inferior sagittal sinus drain into?
The straight sinus
55
Where does the sigmoid sinus received blood from? Where does it drain into?
-receives blood from the transverse sinus and drains into internal jugular veins
56
What is the advantage of lining up the SOML as opposed to the OML when positioning for the head?
Reduced dose to eye
57
Advantages of axial imaging of the head?
- Allows gantry tilt - highest image quality - reduced radiation dose
58
Disadvantages of axial scanning of the head?
- longer exam times - limited ability to reconstruct data - possibility of patient motion, missed anatomy
59
Advantages of helical scans of the head?
- shorter exam time - improved spatial resolution - ability to reconstruct images - allows slice increment to be changed retrospectively
60
Disadvantages of helical scans of the head?
- higher radiation dose | - does not allow gantry tilt
61
Challenges in scanning the head?
- beam hardening in the posterior fossa: decrease slice thickness and increase kVp - motion: helical scanning
62
How are CT images of the head viewed?
- Standard (soft tissue) WW160 WL40 | - Bone WW2000 WL500
63
CT imaging of the brain: WW/WL: why do we use this WW and WL?
Standard soft tissue WW 160 WL 40 - targets grey and white matter - narrow window width due to small difference in tissue attenuation - narrow window width allows best contrast resoltuion
64
Types of intracranial hemorrhage?
- Epidural - Subdural - Subarachnoid - Intracerebral hemorrhage
65
Which appears darker: and epidural or subdural hematoma?
Subdural because venous blood is darker
66
What are the HUs of CSF and blood
CSF: 4-8 Blood: 20
67
What is an intracerebral hemorrhage?
- caused by damage to the vessels or aneurysm rupture | - well circumscribes, homogeneous, high density region surrounded by low density edema
68
Indications for an NECT head?
- ICH - Early infarction - Dementia - Hydrocephalus - Trauma
69
Indications for an NECT and CECT head?
- mass or lesion - arteriovenous malformation - metastasis - aneurysm - headache - seizure
70
NECT head: anatomy included, SFOV, DFOV, Algorithms, WW, WL, techniques, Reconstructions
``` Anatomy: skull base to vertex If axial scanning:OML or SOML lined up SFOV: head DFOV: 23cm Algorithm: standard WW140 WL40 Recons: bone WW4000 WL400 kVp 120-140 mA 150 ```
71
CECT head: anatomy included, SFOV, DFOV, Algorithms, WW, WL, techniques, Reconstructions
``` Anatomy: skull base to vertex SFOV: head DFOV: 23cm Algorithm: standard WW140 WL 40 Recons: bone WW4000 WL400 kVp 120-140 mA 150 ```
72
CECT head contrast protocols
100ml @ 1ml/sec 5 min scan delay No oral contrast * *venous phase** * *long delay due to BBB**
73
Common indications for CT sinuses?
- chronic sinusitis - inflammatory sinus disease - pre-op
74
CT sinuses: anatomy included, SFOV, DFOV, Algorithms, WW, WL, techniques, Reconstructions
``` Anatomy: frontal sinus to sella turcica, frontal sinus to maxillary sinuses SFOV: head DFOV: 16cm Algorithm: standard WW350 WL50 Recons: bone WW4000 WL400 kVp 120 mA 150 *non contrast ```
75
What do you line up for positioning for CT sinuses?
OML
76
NECT Orbits: anatomy included, SFOV, DFOV, Algorithms, WW, WL, techniques, Reconstructions
``` Anatomy: orbital roofs to orbital floors SFOV: head DFOV: 16cm Algorithm: *soft (increase contrast decrease noise) WW350 WL50 Recons: bone WW4000 WL400 ```
77
Contrast protocol for CECT orbits?
``` 100ml @ 1ml/sec Split bolus -50ml @ 1ml/sec -2 min delay -50ml @ 1ml/sec -scan immediately -no oral contrast *venous phase -will see arterial and venous phases in same scan ```
78
Common indications for CTA COW?
- locate known aneurysm - arteriovenous malformation - assessment of intracranial hemorrhage
79
We should not perform a CTA COW unless ______has been done?
A dry scan
80
CTA COW: anatomy included, SFOV, DFOV, Algorithms, WW, WL, techniques, Reconstructions
``` Anatomy: frontal sinuses to skull base SFOV: head DFOV: 25cm Algorithm: standard WW140 WL40 kVp 120 mA 500 ```
81
CTA COW contrast protocol?
``` -60ml @ 4ml/sec Smart Prep -ROI on carotid artery at C4 -scan starts when adequate amount of contrast is reached -no oral contrast -*arterial phase, short scan delay ```
82
Common indications for NECT orbits?
- foreign body | - trauma
83
Common indications for CECT orbits?
- intraorbital mass - thyroid ophthalmopathy - inflammation - infection - trauma (vascular injury)
84
Common indications for CT facial bones?
- facial fracture - soft tissue - foreign body
85
CT facial bones: anatomy included, SFOV, DFOV, Algorithms, WW, WL, techniques, Reconstructions
``` Anatomy: frontal sinus to mandible and nose to sella turcica SFOV: head DFOV: 18cm Algorithm: standard WW350 WL50 Recons: bone WW4000 WL 400 kVp: 120 mA 150 ```
86
Borders of the nasopharynx?
Adenoids to soft palate
87
Borders of the oropharynx?
Soft palate to hyoid bone
88
What separates the oropharynx and the laryngopharynx?
The epiglottis
89
Borders of the laryngopharynx?
-hyoid bone to entrance to larynx and esophagus
90
What cause depressions in the walls of the laryngopharynx?
Piriform sinuses
91
Where is the sphenoid sinus in relation to the nasopharynx
Posterior
92
Borders of the larynx? Vertebral levels?
- laryngopharynx to trachea | - C3-C6
93
What is the largest, most superior ring of the larynx?
Thyroid cartilage
94
Is the thyroid cartilage superior or inferior to the thyroid?
Superior
95
Where is the esophagus in relation to the trachea?
Posterior
96
HUs of muscle and saliva glands?
Muscle: 35 | Saliva gland: 25 (darker)
97
At what vertebral level is the carina?
T4/T5
98
3 sets of salivary glands?
- Parotid: largest - Submandibular - Sublingual: smallest
99
Where are the parotid glands located?
- level of the EAM to the gonion | - sits between the auricle and the ramus of the mandible
100
How do the parotid glands differ in appearance from other salivary glands?
-fatty tissue and lymph nodes within the gland
101
Where are the submandibular glands located?
- border the posterior half of the mandible | - extend from the gonion to the level of the hyoid bone
102
Where are the sublingual glands located?
-sit under tongue on the floor of the mouth
103
What joins the two lobes of the thyroid gland?
The isthmus
104
Where are the parathyroid glands located?
On the posterior aspect of the thyroid gland
105
Which are bigger: veins or arteries?
Veins
106
Where does the right common carotid artery arise from?
The brachiocephalic artery
107
Where is the right common carotid artery in relation to the SC joint?
Posterior
108
Where do the common carotids bifurcate?
C3-C4 (level of thyroid cartilage)
109
Where are the carotid arteries in relation to the jugular veins?
Medial
110
Where do the internal carotid arteries enter the brain?
-enters the base of skull through the carotid canal in the temporal bone
111
Where do the external carotid arteries enter the skull?
-through the parotid gland to the level of the TMJ
112
Where do the vertebral arteries branch from?
The subclavian arteries
113
What are typically the largest vessel in the neck?
The internal jugular vein
114
What do the internal jugular veins unite with to form the brachiocephalic veins?
The subclavian veins
115
Where are the internal jugular veins in relation to the common carotid arteries?
Lateral to the common carotid artery | Posterior to the internal carotid artery
116
Which is more lateral: the internal or external jugular vein?
External jugular vein
117
Where do the vertebral veins drain into?
The brachiocephalic veins
118
Which are less round: veins or arteries?
Veins
119
After the level of the common carotid artery, the internal jugular veins travel _________ and sit anteriorly to the common carotid arteries
Anteriorly
120
Positioning for a CT neck?
- head holder or sponge - supine - head first - suspend respiration - suspend swallowing - angle gantry to be parallel to hard palate*
121
Challenges in scanning the neck?
Dental work: split the scan and angle in between to avoid streaks Large shoulders: depress shoulders as much as possible
122
How are images of the neck viewed?
Standard/soft tissue: WW160 WL40 Soft WW350 WL50 Bone: WW2500 WL40
123
Does a CT soft tissue neck involve contrast?
Yes
124
Common indications for CECT soft tissue neck?
- neck mass - vascular abnormality - lymphadenopathy - cysts - abscess
125
Common indications for NECT soft tissue neck?
-salivary stones
126
Why would we image salivary stones without contrast?
Contrast will mask the stones because they both appear white
127
What is the gold standard for stroke imaging?
CT angiography
128
3 categories of strokes?
- ischemic - hemorrhagic - hypotensive
129
Risk factors for strokes?
- Hypertension - Homocysteine and Vitamin B deficiency - high cholesterol - heart disease - diabetes - migraines - smoking - hereditary - obesity - substance abuse
130
What is the most common type of stroke?
Ischemic (80%)
131
2 main types of ischemic strokes?
1. Thrombotic: blood clot within the artery | 2. Embolic: travelling particle in bloodstream that lodges in a smaller artery, cutting off blood supply
132
What is a hypotensive stroke?
-blood pressure is too low and can reduce oxygen supply to the brain
133
Most common site of TIA?
Carotid arteries
134
Symptoms of a TIA of the carotid arteries?
- vision loss* supply blood to retinal arteries - speech - partial/temporary paralysis - tingling - numbness - unilateral symptoms
135
Symptoms of a TIA of the basilar artery?
- bilateral symptoms - dim, grey, blurry vision - vision loss in both eyes - tingling in mouth, teeth, gums - headache, posterior, often - dizziness - vomiting - difficulty swallowing - inability to speak clearly - weakness in arms or legs
136
CECT Soft tissue neck: anatomy covered, SFOV, DFOV, techniques, algorithms, reconstructions?
``` Anatomy: mid orbit to clavicles (T2-T3) SFOV: large body DFOV: 18cm Algorithm: standard (or soft)WW350 WL50 Recons: bone WW4000 WL400 kVp 120 mA 150 Retrospective recons of the spine can also be done due to the large SFOV, useful for trauma ```
137
Contrast protocol for CECT soft tissue neck?
``` 125ml @ 1.5ml/sec Split bolus -50ml -2min delay -75ml -scan 20-30 seconds after second injection ``` * venous and arterial - oral contrast sometimes used, rare
138
CTA COW and Carotids “stroke protocol”: anatomy covered, SFOV, DFOV, techniques, algorithms, reconstructions?
``` Anatomy: frontal sinus to aortic arch SFOV: large body DFOV: 25cm Algorithm: standard WW250 WL30 Recons: MIP WW800 WL200, thin slices kVp 120 mA 500 ```
139
CTA COW and Carotids contrast protocol?
80ml @ 4ml/sec Smart prep -ROI on carotid artery at C4 -no oral contrast
140
Within the first ____hrs of a stoke, a NECT head will appear normal in at least 1/3rd of the patients?
6hrs
141
Where do the external carotids feed blood to?
The face and scalp
142
Do any ribs articulate with the xiphoid?
No
143
Which ribs does the sternum articulate with?
Ribs 3-7
144
Which lung has a cardiac notch?
Left
145
Borders of the superior compartment of the mediastinum?
Sternal angle to thymus gland
146
Parts of the inferior compartment of the mediastinum?
-anterior, middle, and posterior compartments
147
Borders of anterior, middle, and posterior compartments of the inferior compartment of the mediastinum?
Anterior: posterior to sternum to anterior to pericardial sac Middle: pericardial sac, heart, roots of great vessels Posterior: posterior to pericardium and anterior to vertebrae
148
What does the mediastinum contain?
- glands - trachea - esophagus - blood vessels - nerves - lymphatic stuctures
149
Does the thymus gland enhance with contrast?
Slowly
150
Where is the thymus gland located? What does it do?
- sits posterior to the manubrium - responsible for cellular immunity - large in children, can be bigger than the heart - triangular shaped
151
The myocardium on the _____ventricle is up to 3x thicker than that if the _____ ventricle ?
Thicker on the left ventricle
152
A bright SVC indicates what phase?
Early arterial phase
153
Branches off of the aortic arch from right to left.
Brachiocephalic trunk Left common carotid Left subclavian
154
What does the brachiocephalic trunk bifurcate into? At what level is the bifurcation?
- bifurcates at the level of the right SC joint - right common carotid - right subclavian
155
Where is the left subclavian artery in relation to the left common carotid artery?
Posterior to the left common carotid, arches laterally
156
What vessels join to form the brachiocephalic veins?
- internal jugular | - subclavian
157
Will the brachiocephalic veins be seen on the same axial slice as the subclavian and internal jugular veins?
No
158
Subclavian veins are ________ to the subclavian arteries?
Anterior
159
Subclavian veins are horizontal ________ the level that the subclavian arteries are horizontal?
Below
160
Which branch of the aortic arch is most posterior?
Left subclavian artery
161
Positioning for a chest CT?
- supine - arm elevated - feet first - reduce patient motion - suspend breathing
162
Challenges in scanning the chest?
Involuntary motion -respiration and cardiac function Patient mobility -unable to raise arms above head
163
How to manage involuntary motion on a chest scan?
Scan caudal-cranial as there is less motion of respiration at the apices
164
How are chest images viewed? Standard WW/WL, Lung WW/WL
Standard/soft tissue: WW350 WL50 | Lung: WW1500 WL-700
165
Common indications for a routine CECT Chest?
- infection - mass - empyema - correlate with radiographs - known or suspected congenital abnormalities - trauma - lung CA
166
What changes about the protocol for lung nodules?
- NECT - inspiration - thin slices through each nodule
167
When would we use a NECT high resolution protocol?
- asbestos exposure - inhalation injury - interstitial lung disease - diffuse pulmonary disease - bronchiectasis - airway disease
168
What is different about the high resolution lung protocol?
- inspiration and expiration - thin sections - DFOV set just to lungs - edge enhancing algorithm to optimize spatial resolution - can be done incremental (decrease dose, optimum resolution) or helical (fast, increase noise)
169
What is different about a volumetric HRCT?
- covers entire lung, rather than representative slices - capable of 3D post processing - primary disadvantage is patient dose
170
What series of scans do we do for an HRCT?
- supine inspiration and expiration | - prone inspiration
171
What does an inspiration HRCT scan best demonstrate? Prone inspiration vs. supine inspiration?
- best demonstrates contrast between the air and lung | - prone: differentiates disease from the effect of gravity on blood flow and gas volume
172
What is best demonstrated on an expiration HRCT chest?
-demonstrates air trapping in lung (pathologies ex. emphysema, COPD)
173
Other important diagnostic tests for a PE besides a CT?
1. Ventilation-perfusion scanning (nuc med) 2. Pulmonary angiography 3. D-dimer (screens for protein in the blood that makes the blood more from to clot)
174
CECT Chest: anatomy covered, SFOV, DFOV, techniques, algorithms, reconstructions
``` Anatomy: apices to costophrenic angles SFOV: large (body) DFOV: set to patient Algorithm: Standard/soft tissue WW350 WL50 Recons: Lung WW1500 WL-700 kVp 120 mA auto mA 100-150 ```
175
Contrast protocol for a CECT routine chest?
80ml @ 3ml/sec 35 second scan delay *bolus followed by saline flush
176
Why is a saline flush important after the bolus especially for chest imaging?
Saline flush reduces beam hardening or streak artifact in SVC
177
NECT Chest lung nodule: anatomy covered, SFOV, DFOV, techniques, algorithms, reconstructions
Anatomy: apices to costophrenic angles SFOV: large (body) DFOV: set to patient Algorithm: standard soft tissue WW350 WL50 Recons: lung WW1500 WL-700 kVp 120 mA 80-160 *thin slices through various nodules created, often use edge enhancing algorithm to sharpen the resolution of the nodule itself
178
NECT Chest Hight Resolution: anatomy covered, SFOV, DFOV, techniques, algorithms, reconstructions
``` Anatomy: apices to costophrenic angles SFOV: large (body) DFOV: set to patient, lung field only Algorithm: lung WW1500 WL-700 Recons: none kVp 140 mA 150-375 *thin slices created in lung windows to show detail of lung parenchyma *for prone expiration scans, only include from carina to costophrenic angles ```
179
Is the injection rate high or low for any arterial (angio) scans? Why?
High, to get peak enhancement, 4ml/sec or higher
180
CECT Chest: anatomy covered, SFOV, DFOV, techniques, algorithms, reconstructions
Anatomy: apices to below hemidiaphragm ***SCAN INFERIOR TO SUPERIOR** venous runoff will include 2cm below tibial plateau to iliac crests SFOV: large (body) DFOV: 38cm set to patient for chest, venous runoff 48cm Algorithm: standard WW700 WL180 for optimal vascular Recons: site protocol dependant kVp 120 mA 500 (venous runoff 190)
181
Contrast protocol for a CTA chest pulmonary embolism? Method 1
- 120ml split bolus - 70ml @ 4ml/sec with smart prep (bolus tracking) with ROI over pulmonary artery - 50ml @ 3ml/sec 25 secs after first injection - lower extremity scanned 180 seconds after first bolus
182
Contrast protocol for a CTA chest pulmonary embolism? Method 2
- timing bolus - 20ml @ 4ml/sec to measure cardiac output, ROI on pulmonary artery - 60-80ml @ 4ml/sec and use calculated scan delay (10-12secs average)
183
What is the most anterior part of the heart?
Right ventricle
184
What are the right and left lobes of the liver divided by?
The falciform ligament
185
Which lobe of the liver is the most anterior?
Left
186
Where is the quadrate lobe located?
Inferior to the caudate lobe
187
Where is the caudate lobe located?
- superior to gallbladder | - anterior to IVC
188
What veins join to form the portal vein?
- superior mesenteric vein | - splenic vein
189
Where is the portal vein in relation to the pancreas?
Posterior
190
Where is the portal vein in relation to the IVC?
Anterior
191
Where is the hepatic artery in relation to the portal vein?
Anterior
192
Where is the gallbladder attached to the liver?
Inferoanterior aspect of the right lobe
193
HU of liver?
40-50
194
HU of gallbladder?
-50 - -100 HU
195
Is the liver or gallbladder darker?
Gallbladder
196
Are the bile ducts usually seen?
Not unless theres a stone
197
At what vertebral level does the head of the pancreas sit?
L2/L3
198
Which is lower: the head or the tail of the pancreas?
The head is the lowest point (L2/L3)
199
What runs through the head of the pancreas?
The common bile duct
200
Where is the head of the pancreas in relation to the IVC?
Anterior
201
Where are the SMV and aorta compared to the body of the pancreas?
Posterior
202
What vessel follows the body of the pancreas?
Splenic vein
203
How do the adrenal glands appear on an axial slice?
Inverted “V” or “Y”
204
Which adrenal gland is lower and more medial?
Right
205
Where is the right adrenal gland in relation to the IVC?
Posteior
206
What is the largest lymph organ in the body?
Spleen
207
Is the spleen considered part of the circulatory system?
Spleen
208
What borders the spleen posteriorly?
-diaphragm and left lung
209
What does the spleen look like in early arterial phase?
Heterogenous
210
Which is bigger: the splenic vein or artery?
Splenic vein
211
How do the upper poles of the kidneys sit compared to the lower poles
Medial and posterior
212
Can we see the ureters without contrast enhancement?
-not well
213
Where is the bladder in relation to the symphysis pubis?
Immediately posterior
214
What gives the stomach a distinct appearance?
Rugae
215
How to differentiate between the small and large bowel on a CT?
Small: plicae circularis, villi Large: haustra
216
Where does the sigmoid colon sit in relation to the bladder?
Posterior
217
Where does the uterus sit?
Between the bladder and the rectum
218
Where does the prostate gland sit?
Inferior to the bladder
219
Is the central zone of the prostate gland hypodense or hyperdense?
Hyperdense, peripheral zone is hypodense
220
When the bladder is full, where does the prostate gland move?
Posteriorly
221
Branches of the abdominal aorta?
- Inferior phrenic arteries (right and left) - celiac trunk (left gastric, common hepatic, splenic) - superior mesenteric artery - renal arteries (right and left) - gonadal arteries (right and left) - inferior mesenteric artery - lumbar arteries (right and left)
222
Where does the abdominal aorta bifurcate
L4

MRT Year 2 (18 decks)

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