Focus 1 Flashcards
Study of the functions and relationships of body parts
Physiology
Molecules composed of atoms
Chemical level
Basic unit of life
Cellular level
What are the four types of tissues
Epithelial
connective
muscle
nervous
Body structure that integrates different tissues and carries out a specific function
Organ level
Group of organs that together perform one or more functions
Organ system level
Name the six levels of organization from simple to complex
– Chemical level – Cellular level – Tissue level – Organ level – Organ system – Organism level
Dynamic, steady state of balance of the body
Homeostasis
Consists of electron shells/orbitals
Electron cloud
Determines chemical properties of atoms
Electrons
Outermost shell of electrons and are involved in chemical bonds
Valence electrons
Bond where electron is shared equally between atoms
Nonpolar covalent bonds
Two or more atoms share valence electrons
Covalent bonds
Examples of nonpolar covalent bonds
O2
CO2
lipids and fats
Find where electron is shared unequally. Partial charges
Polar covalent bonds
What are examples of polar covalent bonds
H2O
glucose
amino acids and proteins
Polar bonds between atoms in one molecule
Hydrogen bonds
What determines the 3-D shape and function of proteins
Hydrogen bonds
The study of the structure of body parts
Anatomy
Atom that loses an electron. Has a positive charge
Cation
Atom that gains electron. Has a negative charge
Anion
Polar and ionic substances. Partially charged or ionic
Hydrophilic
Nonpolar substances. I’m uncharged/neutral
Hydrophobic solutes
The dissolvee
Solute
The dissolver
Solvent
Solvent + solute
Solution
Dissolves in/can dissolve
Soluble
Compounds that give up hydrogen ions
Acids
A compound that takes up hydrogen ions in solutions
Bases
Mechanism used by body to help maintain pH
Buffers
What is the normal pH range in the human body
7.35–7.45
pH
Acidosis
pH>7.45
Alkalosis
Molecules that contain the Adams carbon and hydrogen
Organic molecules
Organic molecules essential for life. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acid
Biomolecules
Small organic compounds. Simple sugars, fatty acids, amino acids, nucleotides
Monomers
Larger molecules created from monomers.
Polymers
Large organic polymers. DNA
Macromolecules
Linear sequence of amino acids
Protein primary structure
Hydrogen bonds between amino acids produces shapes. Helix or pleated sheet
Protein secondary structure
Polypeptide chain folds/bends producing three-dimensional structures held by weak attractions
Protein tertiary structure
Two or more polypeptide chains covalently bonded
Protein Quaternary structure
Chains of amino acid
Polypeptide
Biological catalyst that increases the rate of chemical reactions. Mostly proteins
Enzymes
Groovin enzyme molecules are substrates are captured
Active site
Molecules that combined with active sites of enzymes and are converted to products
Substrate
The amount of energy required for a reaction to proceed
Activation energy
When an enzyme undergoes extreme temperatures or a change in pH and can no longer function. Altered shape
Denaturation
Remove water to build larger molecules
Dehydration synthesis
Add water to break large molecules into smaller molecules
Hydrolysis
