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EXAM 2 > Foal Angular Limb Deformities > Flashcards

Foal Angular Limb Deformities Flashcards

1
Q

What is a lateral deviation in the frontal plane of the limb called?

A

Valgus

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2
Q

What is a medial deviation in teh frontal plane of the limb called?

A

Varus

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3
Q

what side should you apply pressure when correcting a Valgus deformity?

A

valgus deformity –>lateral deviation, therefor apply pressure on the medial side

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4
Q

What are some causes of Valgus deformity?

A

1) periarticular laxity
2) incomplete ossification of the carpal bones
3) hypothyroidism
4) limb confirmation
- over loading
- phyeal trauma or infection
5) multifactorial

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5
Q

T/F Valgus deformity is also known to occur in twins?

A

True

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6
Q

How would you diagnose Valgus deformity in a horse?

A

1) Observation
2) limb manipulation
3) Radiographs (long, narrow cassettes

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7
Q

If you can manually correct Valgus deformity in a young horse what does this suggest?

A

joint laxity, correctable

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8
Q

What type of radiographic view would you want to Diagnose a angular limb deformity?

A

long, narrow cassettes in :

DORSOPALMER view

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9
Q

What regions can be affected with angular limb deformity?

A

1) carpus/ tarsus

2) metacarpal/ metatarso pharyngeal joints

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10
Q

What locations (pivot point) can limb defomities occur in?

A

1) the growth plate

2) joint space

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11
Q

How do we obtain the pivot point?

A

After radiographs….

1) cellulose acetate overlay
2) bisect long bone axis
3) deviation at each joint space

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12
Q

What is the pivot point?

A

the point where the two long bone axis intersect

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13
Q

How do you calculated the deviation?

A

Pivot point + angle = deviation

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14
Q

How do you treat angular limb deformities

A

1) Conservative

2) surgical (more severe forms)

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15
Q

What are some conservative treatment for limb deformities?

A

1) stall rest
2) hoof trimming
3) external support (splint / cast)

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16
Q

What are some surgical treamtents for limb deformities?

A

1) hemicircumferential periostal transection and elevation (HCPTE)
- periosteal stripping

2) Growth retardation (temporary transphyseal bridging TTP)
- sqrews, wires
- staples

3) corrective osteotomy (-ectomy)

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17
Q

What type of Shoes can be used to correct angular limb deformities?

  • for valgus
  • for varus
A

Treatment + Dalmer shoes

for Valgus–> use toed out

for Varus–> use toed in

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18
Q

What are the 2 techniques that need to be acomplished during surgical treatment?

A

1) growth acceleration

2) growth retardation

19
Q

What is a growth acceleration technique?

A

1) HCPTE (periosteal stripping)

can be done in the field quickly (xylazine and ketamine)

20
Q

What is a growth retardation technique?

A

*want to stop the growth plate from growing

1) using surgical screws and wire
- one hole distal to the growth plate
- one hole proximal to the growth plate
- circlage wire in figure 8 configuration

on the oposit side the growth continues to happen resulting in straighteing out

make sure to radiograph 2 weeks later?

21
Q

Following a growth retardation techinique how long after should you radiograph again?

A

2 weeks

22
Q

When do you use corrective osteoectomy?

A

When there is no more growth plate to retard or accelerate growth for correction
- procedure is used to cut the bone and straighten things out

23
Q

What are some forms of corrective osteoectomy

A

1) closing wedge-requires plates and screws
2) step ostectomy-take out wedge and put it in other leg
3) dome saw

24
Q

T/F: with Valgus deformities there is a certain degree of outward rotation of the feet

A

TRUE

And we see inward rotation with various

25
Q

T/F: Hypoplasia of the proximal sesamoid bones is part of the multifactorial complex implicated in development of angular limb deformities in foals

A

FALSE

Hypoplasia of the carpal and tarsal bones contribute to the multifactoral complex of angular limb deformities

26
Q

T/F: the limb can usually be straightened in foals with Hypoplasia of the carpal bones

A

TRUE

27
Q

Which view is especially useful in identifying tarsal bone Hypoplasia?

A

LATEROMEDIAL radiographic view

28
Q

T/F: delayed ossification of the epiphysis can cause carpal angular limb deformities in NEWborn foals

A

TRUE

29
Q

T/F: Congenital HYPOthyroidism has been implicated as a cause of delayed ossification of the carpal and tarsal cuboidal bones

A

TRUE

30
Q

Foals with tarsal bone Hypoplasia tend to present with what angular limb deformity and appearance?

A

Valgus and sickle-hocked appearance

31
Q

Are Foals with angular limb deformities usually lame?

A

NO

32
Q

What happens if a foal with cuboidal bone hypoplasia is left untreated?

A

It becomes manually irreducible deformity within 2 weeks

33
Q

Angular limb deformities most often originate within the carpal, tarsal, __________joint regions?

A

Metacarpo or metatarsophalangeal

FETLOCK

34
Q

T/F: in most foals born with mild to moderate angular limb deformities, spontaneous resolution occurs within 2-4weeks of life

A

TRUE

35
Q

To avoid development of a contracted foot in a foal, glue-on shoes should not be left on for longer than _________?

A

2 weeks

36
Q

How often should tube casts be changed to allow rapid growth in foals?

A

10-14days

1-2weeks

37
Q

When is Corrective ostectomy or osteotomy performed?

A

Generally after cessation of physical growth

38
Q

IS HCPTE as effective as Stall confinement alone, in correcting carpal angular limb deformities?

A

YES it is as effective

39
Q

What should foals with carpal bone hypoplasia be treated with ?

A

-Splint bandaging
Or
-Tube casting

40
Q

What is the best treatment for a 6 weeek old foal with significant VARUS deformity caused by asymmetric growth at the distal metatarsal growth plate in the left hindlimb?

A

1) Surgery
2) Corrective trimming
3) shoeing and confinement

41
Q

HCPTE temporarily increases longitudinal growth on which aspect of the deformity?

A

Concaved

42
Q

When is Trans Physeal Bridging used?

A

Primarily used in :

1) young foals with SEVERE angular deformities
2) miniature foals
3) foals with significant limb deformity after the rapid growth phase

43
Q

What is required as post op treatment for a foal that had HCPTE?

A

CONFINEMENT

EXAM 2 (19 decks)

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