Fluid balance and intravenous therapy - exam 2 Flashcards by Star Harlin

movement of fluid ( water) across cell membrane due to hydrostatic pressure

filtration

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movement of solutes (substances) from higher to lower concentration

diffusion

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movement of fluid (Water) from areas of more fluid to areas of less fluid

osmosis

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solutes (particles) move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration resulting equal distribution

diffusion

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in diffusion, solutes

move

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fluid ( water) moves from areas with lower solute concentration to areas with higher concentration

osmosis

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in osmosis fluid

moves

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is generated by the
cardiovascular system as blood is pumped
through the body’s blood vessels

hydrostatic pressure

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diffusion/solutes

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osmosis/fluid

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a type of biological or synthetic, polymeric membrane that will allow certain molecules or ions to pass through it by osmosis.

Semipermeable membrane

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osmotic balance

control of water and electrolyte balance in the body

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the active regulation of the osmotic pressure of bodily fluids to maintain the homeostasis of the body’s water content; that is it keeps the body’s fluids from becoming too dilute or too concentrated

Osmoregulation

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exerted by pumping of heart

hydrostatic= pushing force - pushes fluid out of capillaries

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is the ‘pulling force’ pulling fluids from the surrounding tissue into the capillaries.

Oncotic pressure

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what do we associate hydrostatic pressure with?

think heart - pushing fluid out

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what do we associate oncotic pressure with?

think albumin - pulling fluid in

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condition where fluid accumulates in a pocket that is not serving a purpose

third spacing

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this happens when fluid accumulates and does not serve a purpose

third spacing

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occurs as a result of increased permeability of the capillary membrane or decreased plasma colloid osmotic pressure

third spacing

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common causes of edema ?

long periods of standing or sitting
chronic lung diseases
CHF

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albumin level in lab value will be low

starvation

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if the heart is not pumping well, not enough pushing fluid through capillary so get a build up of hydrostatic pressure can lead to

edema

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an accumulation of interstitial fluid within tissues

edema

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severe, generalized edema marked by profound swelling of subcutaneous tissues and accumulation of fluid in body cavities

anasarca

sodium and potassium use ATP to move in and out of cells in a form of

active transport called the sodium potassium pump

ICF

fluid inside the cells

ECF

fluids outside of the cells

fluid found inside the cells

intracellular 2/3 of fluid

fluid outside the cells

extracellular 1/3 of fluid

fluids outside of the cell must be balanced with

intracellular fluid

to maintain balance or homeostasis inside the cell must

be balanced with ectracellular fluid

found in the vascular system that consists of arteries, veins and capillary networks

intravascular

is whole blood volume and also includes red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma, and platelets

intravascular fluid

fluid between cells

interstitial

cerebral spinal fluid, synovial fluid, peritoneal and pleural fluid

transcellular

what small molecules move easily across the cell membrane

urea and water

what substances have a harder time getting across the membrane

protein

osmolality is measure by?

used to assess body state of water balance?

osmolality

water deficit

high osmolality

water excess

low osmolality

osmolarity is measure in

Liters

normal osmolarity would be

270-300

normal saline is

isotonic 0.9% NaCl

why is saline isotonic ?

same concentration of sodium in the blood

hypotonic causes the cells to

swell

hypertonic does what to the cells?

makes cells skinny; fluid pulled from cell so cells shrink

what are the three types of osmosis?

- hypertonic - isotonic - hypotonic

has the same solute concentration as another solution; no fluid shifts occur because the solutions are equally concentrated

isotonic

less concentrated than other solutions; fluid pulled or moved from the bloodstream (veins) into the cells =swell

hypotonic

more concentrated than other solutions; fluid pulled from the cell into the bloodstream = shrink

Hypertonic

things that maintain balance

- kidneys - ADH - RASS -ANP - Thirst

regulate fluid and electrolyte balance by adjusting urine volume and the excretion of electrolytes

kidneys

remove excess wastes from the body

kidneys

7 functions of the kidneys

A- controlling ACID base balance W- controlling WATER balance E- maintaining ELECTROLYTE balance T- removing TOXINS and waste products from the body B- controlling BP E- producing the hormone ERYTHROPIETIN D- activating Vitamin D

produced by hypothalamus and stored in the pituitary

anti diuretic hormone

ADH restores blood volume by

- reducing diuresis - increasing water retention - vasoconstricts

what medication is the medication form of ADH

vasopressin- Desmopressin

renin acts to produce ?

angiotensinogen

angiotensin 1 produces?

converts to angiotensin 2

vasoconstriction causes the BP to

increase

A2 stimulates release of

Aldosterone

Aldosterone increases

Water regulator

Aldosterone

Causes kidney to retain Na+ and H20

Alderstone

Causes kidney to retain Na+ and H20

Aldosterone

what is released when Na+ is low and K+ is high

Aldosterone

Stored in Kidneys

Aldosterone

produced and stored in the atria

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

stops reaction of RAAS

ANP

decreases blood by vasodilation

ANP

reduces fluid volume by increasing secretion of Na+ and water

ANP

regulated by the hypothalamus

Thirst

stimulated by increase ECF and drying of mucous membranes

Thirst

causes a person to drink fluids

Thirst

What Depletes Electrolytes ?

- vomiting - peeing -pooping -sweating

fluid deficit of isotonic fluid in extracellular space caused by abnormal ? (8)

- fluid loss - fever - sweating - hemorrhaging - vomiting - diarrhea - Gi Suction - decrease fluid intake

fluid deficit of isotonic fluid in extracellular space

hypovolemia

fluid excess of isotonic fluid ( sodium & water ) in the extracellular space

Hypervolemia

abnormal retention of sodium and water

hypervolemia

-isotonic fluid overload - excess sodium intake - heart failure, renal failure, liver cirrhosis

hypervolemia

danger signs for fluid deficit

- restlessness, confusion - cold clammy skin - decreased tugor - weak, rapid HR - rapid respirations - decreased urine output

danger signs of fluid excess

- headache, confusion - peripheral edema - jugular vein distension - S3 heart sound - bounding pulse - dyspnea - weight gain

How to treat hypovolemic shock

1. fluid replacement ~ NS, LR, blood transfusion, vasopressor 2. oxygen therapy 3. monitor Vs and mental status 4. monitor lung sounds

decrease in BP

hypovolemia