Flower Class Midterm Flashcards
1
Q
what are the basic tools of floral design?
A
knife (pocket knife) for giving the stem a fresh cut, pruning sheers for cutting larger stems or branches, wire cutters for corsages etc, scissors for ribbon and other design materials
2
Q
what are the floralife 5 steps of fresh?
A
- sanitize
- hydrate
- nourish
- protect
- customer care
3
Q
how do you mix floral preservatives?
A
1/2 scoop of floral preservative per 2 quarts of water
4
Q
In a bud vase arrangement, why do you put greenery in the vase first?
A
to hold the flowers up
5
Q
how tall should the tallest flower in an bud vase arrangement be?
A
1.5-2 times higher than the container
6
Q
what are 5 definitions fo a florist?
A
- a person who sells and arranges plants and cute flowers
- one in the business of raising or selling flowers and ornamental plants
- a person who grows or deals in flowers
- a retailer or grower of flowers and ornamental plants
- a retailer or wholesaler of flowers, ornamental plants
7
Q
what is floriculture
A
-cultivation or selling of flowers & ornamental plants, usually on a commercial scale
8
Q
floriculturist
A
grower of floriculture
9
Q
what are the 6 principles of floral design?
A
- balance
- scale
- focal point
- rhythm
- harmony
- unity
10
Q
what is a floral principle?
A
a certain guideline that creates a work of are
11
Q
what is a floral element?
A
a visual quality of a composition
12
Q
what are the 5 elements of floral design?
A
- line
- form
- texture
- color
- pattern
13
Q
what is a focal point?
A
a focal point is the point in an arrangement that attracts and hold the most interest
14
Q
how can you create a focal point? **4 ways
A
- radiate stems toward the middle
- use a large flower
- use an unusual flower, bow or other interesting bow
- use the darkest or brightest flower
15
Q
what is balance in a floral design?
A
balance refers to stability
balance is balancing the visual weight; darker colors and course textures appear heavier
16
Q
what is the best way to balance an arrangement?
A
half of the visual weight of the arrangement should be to each side of the focal point
17
Q
what is symmetrical balance?
A
the formal balance characterized by equal visual weight of very similar materials
18
Q
what is asymmetrical balance?
A
the informal balance characterized by equal visual weight, but different materials
19
Q
what is depth in a floral arrangement?
A
depth is essential to achieve a 3D balanced appearance and is established by height and width
20
Q
what should the size of an arrangement be?
A
1-2 times the height or width of the vase
21
Q
how many focal points should be in an arrangement?
A
just one
22
Q
should petals touch?
A
no
23
Q
where do all stems point?
A
center!
24
Q
how should you cut stems before using them in the arrangement?
A
at a 45 degree angle
25
what foliage should be removed?
any foliage that is underwater
26
when should greening be done?
**either before or after the flowers are added
27
how many colors should there be in one arrangement?
3 colors max
28
how large should floral foam be?
floral foam should extend 1/2 inch or more above the container
29
where are small flowers placed in an arrangement?
toward the top
30
where are larger flowers placed in an arrangement?
toward the bottom
31
should you use an odd or even number of flowers?
odd
32
how should you arrange light and dark flowers?
lighter flowers toward the outside and darker flowers low and toward the center
33
what should the shape of the arrangement reflect?
the container
34
what is the form of the arrangement?
the shape or silhouette of the arrangement
35
what are the 4 categories of flowers that create form?
1. filler
2. mass
3. line
4. form
36
what are examples of filler flowers?
wax flower, monte casino, gypsophila, statice
37
what are examples of mass flowers?
rose, gerbera, lily, hydrangea
38
what are examples of line flowers?
snaps, delphinium, liatris, larkspur, stock
39
what are examples of form flowers?
sunflower, daffodil, orchids, spider mum
40
shapes of arrangement
```
TRIANGLES
equilateral-all sides equal
isosceles-2 sides equal
scalene- no sides equal
right angled-
obtuse-one angle larger than 90
```
41
other than triangles, what other shapes do you find arrangements in?
circles
42
how much water does a 1/3 a block of floral form hold?
up to 4 quarts!
43
what are the primary colors?
red, blue, yellow
44
what are the secondary colors?
green, orange, purple
| all created by mixing two primary colors
45
what are tertiary colors?
mixed colors; names by combining primary and secondary colors
ex. red-orange, blue-green
46
what is a hue?
any color on the color wheel. it is the main characteristic of a primary, secondary, or tertiary color
47
what are the 3 types of colors on the color wheel?
primary, secondary, tertiary
48
what is the value of a color?
the brightness or darkness, achieved by mixing black and white
49
what are the 4 types of color values?
tint, shade, tone, and saturation
50
what is a color tint?
created when white is added and a low value is created (light blue is a tint of blue)
51
what is a color shade?
a darker value of a color created by adding black (dark blue is a shade of blue)
52
what is the tone of a color?
the intensity of a value created by adding gray
53
what is the saturation of a color?
the degree of purity of the hue, affected by adding white, black or gray
54
what is the intensity of a color?
brightness or dullness of a hue; the concentration of color
55
what are the 3 rules for color?
1. use color to add interest, stick with a theme, help with balance, harmony and noticeability
2. no more than 3 hues in an arrangement
3. stick with the same color families
56
what is the meaning of warm colors? (red, organge and yellow)
active, cheery, and informal--makes the objects look larger
red=lively
orange=energetic
yellow=cheerful, sunny (commonly a filler flower)
57
what is the meaning of cool colors? (white, blue, pink)
```
quiet, peaceful, sometimes melancholy
formal and not seen from afar
white=elegance & sophistication
blue=peaceful
pink=romance and femininity
```
58
what is unique about the color purple?
it is the only color that can be cool or warm
59
what is green used for?
to be neutral or a background color
60
monochromatic color scheme definition
all one hue
61
analogous color scheme definition
adjacent on the color wheel "match"
62
complementary color scheme definition
across on the color wheel "go together"
63
split complementary color scheme definition
one color matched to both sides of its complement
64
triadic
3 colors; all equal distance
65
what is the standard pricing mark-up?
going from wholesale to retail using a ratio
66
what is the standard pricing mark-up for hard goods?
2x the wholesale
67
what is the standard pricing mark-up for soft goods?
3x the wholesale
68
what is the standard cost for labor?
20% for a typical arrangement. take 20% of the totaled soft and hard goods and add it to that "goods total"
69
what is divisional percentage pricing?
a system for net profit as a factor with 3 controllable areas: operating expenses, labor, and cost of goods
70
what are the brown spots sometimes found on the underside of leather leaf?
spore cases
71
egyptian period
- wide mouth vases
- orderly, alternating patterns
- locus flower showed prestige
- flowers as gifts, signs of beauty, and religious purposes
- made arrangements to wear
72
greek period
- atrium gardens
- petals and flowers on ground
- simplistic designs NOT mass designs
- arrangements to wear (wreaths)
- primarily ceremonial/celebratory
- cornucopia was often used "horns of plenty", fruit was used in designs
73
Roman Period
- similar to greek
- arrangements to wear were very common
- difference from greek because they preferred bright, fragrant flowers
- FIRST NATURALISTIC ARRANGEMENT
- wreaths and baskets
74
Byzantine
**continuation of greek and roman eras
-symmetrical and conical
(no stems, very compact)
-use of natural elements
-still had flowers to wear and head pieces
75
Middle Ages
- not a time of extravagance
- fragrant flowers
- predominately used for medicine
76
english renaissance
- flower symbolism**roses for love and lilies for fertility
- all sorts of containers (no specific containers)
- mass and symmetrical arrangements
- arrangements for everyday use
77
french renaissance
similar to english renaissance (symmetrical w/ mass designs)
- fan shaped
- elegant vases
- very lavish
78
baroque/dutch flemish
- period of abundance in all classes
- gaudy, lots of design
- blue and white schemes were popular
- hogarth designs and asymmetrical designs were popular
- many accessories were used
- 1st time containers were used specifically by flowers
79
Georgian
- all about gragrance "to ward off spirits"
- formal and symmetrical
- centerpieces make first appearance
- bud vases are popular
- bough pots=container used for floral designs in fireplaces during the warm seasons
- tussie-mussie (nosegay)=primitive boutoniere
80
Victorian
- during queen victoria's reign
- first time flower arrangement is seen as an art
- compact, mass designs
- posy holder=like tussie mussie and lasts longer when stuffed with wet moss
- a formal design was a rose in the center with a ring of flowers
- an informal design was a plethora of mixed flowers like a meadow
81
oriental style
naturalistic and line designs
82
chinese
less stylized with less technique to study
83
japanese
highly formalized with lots of "rules of design"
84
Ikebana
an arrangement design with a concept of 3 lines in each design
85
early American Style
little design before the mid 18th century
| -everyday plants in containers, much variety
86
american colonial style
mass, rounded, fan
| very casual, often with dried flowers
87
american neoclassicism style
simplistic and natural; opposite of english
88
american victorian style
floral designs as an art; similar to english
89
what are 5 modern american styles
art noveau, art deco, fee form, geometric mass, contemporary
90
what is the art noveau style?
lots of curves, vases in forms of nature
91
what is the art deco style?
strong geometric forms
92
what is the free form style?
more about feeling that the design itself
93
what is the geometric mass style?
tight masses, very "martha stewart-like"
94
what is the definition of floral industry?
the particular branch of the business that includes the production, manufacturing, marketing, and selling of flowers and floral products
95
which countries are the top consumers of the floral industry?
germany, usa, france, switzerland, netherlands, great britain, austria, belgium, and sweden
96
what is the definition of a floral designer?
a person who makes original floral arrangements; a talented, skilled, or creative florist
97
what is the definition of a forist?
one who owns or works in the business of selling flowers, plants, and other related items and is skilled in the creation of arrangements for various occasions
98
what are the 4 types of flower shops?
full service shop, limited service, wire service, specialty
99
what is a full service shop?
all employees are trained in all aspects of the flower business, provides a range of flowers, foliage, and floral products
100
what is a limited service shop?
impulse based, hospitals, hotels, and supermarkets
101
what is a wire service?
used to transmit orders, paid subscriptions, sending shop and filling shop
102
what is a specialty shop?
concentrates on one area of a full service shope
103
what are 4 different hard materials that are used as design accessories?
1. tuelle (tuft, fan, and butterfly)
2. ribbon (2-layer bows or loops)
3. ting ting?
4. river birch/curly willow
104
what are novelty designs?
unique floral designs made for special occasions or specific situations
105
what is the purpose of a novelty design?
to fascinate, impress, and bring cheer, delight, or whimsy
106
what soft materials are normally used for novelty designs?
broken or short stemmed flowers
| -easy to make and extremely profitable
107
what hard materials are normally used in novelty designs?
any functional container
-connot spill, tip, or cause the flowers to wilt and die quickly...sometimes the container is the novelty part of the arrangement
108
what is hard water?
water with high concentrations of calcium and/or magnesium and it generally associated with high alkalinity
109
what is alkalinity?
- alkalinity is a measure of water's ability to neutralize acids due to its buffering ability
- mostly carbonates and bicarbonates are associated with Ca and Mg (limestone)
- alkalinity may cause the pH to rise in media over time, especially in small containers
110
how do you manage the pH of water?
by knowing the alkalinity which "controls" the pH
111
what units is alkalinity measured in?
ppm, mg/L meq/L
112
how is alkalinity expressed?
as CaCO3 of HCO3-
113
what is the usual level of alkalinity for irrigation water?
<100ppm, if higher than 150 ppm
114
what is the ideal Ca:Mg ration?
3:1 meq/L
OR
5:1 ppm
115
how does water pH affect flowers?
- pH affects the solubility of fertilizers, and the efficacy of pesticides and growth regulators
- the higher the water ph the less soluble the materials are
