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Anatomy 2210 > Assessment 1 > Flashcards

Assessment 1 Flashcards

1
Q

ADH/AVH

A

antidiuretic hormone or argenine vassoprissin hormone:

helps with water retention

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2
Q

OT

A

oxytocin:

love hormone, important for labor and milk ejection

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3
Q

TRH

A

Thyroid Releasing Hormone
released by hypothalamus into the hypothalmo-hypophyseal portal. it reaches the anterior pituitary where it reaches the target cells, thyrotropes, and the thyrotropes release TSH

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4
Q

GHRH

A

Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone

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5
Q

SS

A

Somatostatin:
pancreatic signal molecule released by the delta endocrine cells of the islets of langerhan of the pancreas. it inhibits both glucagon and insulin via the alpha and beta endocrine cells of the islets of langerhan

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6
Q

PIH

A

prolactin inhibiting hormone

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7
Q

PRL

A

prolacting: protein that enables females to produce milk

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8
Q

CRH

A

Corticotropin releasing hormone

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9
Q

GnRH

A

Gonadotropin releasing hormone

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10
Q

FSH

A

Follicle Stimulating Hormone

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11
Q

LH

A

Luteinizing Hormone

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12
Q

6 Hypothalmic Hormones Secreted by Parvocellular Neurons

A
  1. GHRH
  2. SS
  3. TRH
  4. PIH
  5. CRH
  6. GNH
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13
Q

anterior pituitary target cell and product of GHRH

A

somatotropes

release of GH (growth hormone) which distributes to muscles, bones, adipose tissue, and liver**
liver released IGF (insulin-like growth factor)

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14
Q

anterior pituitary target cell and product of SS

A

somatotropes

inhibition of GH (growth hormone)

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15
Q

anterior pituitary target cell and product of TRH

A

thyrotropin

release of TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)

AND

lactotropin

inhibition of PRL

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16
Q

anterior pituitary target cell and product of PIH

A

lactotropin

releases PRL which reaches the mammary glands

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17
Q

CRH

A

corticotropes

release of ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) which reaches the adrenal cortex

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18
Q

anterior pituitary target cell and product of GnRH

A

gonadotropes

FSH and LH

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19
Q

DHEA

A

DeHydroEpiandrosteron

Sex hormone, main adrenal androgen

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20
Q

zona glomerulosa

A
  • secretes aldosterone: a mineral corticoid for NA and H2O retintion
  • increases blood volume and pressure
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21
Q

zona fasciculata and zona reticularis

A
  • **reticularis is most deep
  • secretes hormones like cortisol–> a glucocorticoid
  • a stress hormone
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22
Q

acromegaly

A

over secretion of growth hormone during adulthood

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23
Q

giantism

A

over secretion of growth hormone during childhood

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24
Q

Dwarfism

A

undersecretion of growth hormone during childhood

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25
Q

Goiter

A

enlargement of the thyroid gland

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26
Q

2 types of goiter

A
  1. ) endemic: localized definciency in dietary iodine which builds T3 and T4
  2. ) toxic: “graves disease” autoimmune disorde –> an antibody mimmicks the TSH but does not cause the negative feedback loop
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27
Q

6 chemical classifications of hormones

A
  1. Steroid hormones
  2. Biogenic amines
  3. Peptide hormones
  4. Protein hormones
  5. Glycoproteins
  6. Eicosanoids
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28
Q

Steroid hormones

A

Hormones that are biosynthesized out of cholesterol

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29
Q

Biogenic amines

A

Hormones that are biosynthesized out of amino acids

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30
Q

Best example of biogenic amines

A

MIT/DIT= monoiodotyrosine and diiodotyrosine

Both are based on tysoine with the addition of one or two iodine a connected to the benzene ring

**combinations of MIT and DIT make T3, and combinations of two DITs make T4

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31
Q

Peptide hormones

3 examples**

A

Peptide bonded molecules that act as hormones

Oxytocin-nonopeptide
Argentine vassopressin-nonopeptide
TRH-tripeptide

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32
Q

Protein hormones

*pancreatic examples

A

Proteins that act as hormones

Glucagon-secreted by alpha cells if islets if langerhan (endocrine cells)

Insulin- secreted by beta cells if islets if langerhan (endocrine cells

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33
Q

Eicosanoids

A

Hormones derived from arachidonic acid from no polar tail of lipid bilayer

Cause inflammation produced naturally

Act as either paracrine signal molecule and diffuse into other cells or as autochrine signal molecules

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34
Q

Arachidonic acid

A

A component of phospholipid bilayer

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35
Q

PLA2

A

Phospholipase.

an enzyme that breaks free arachidonic acid from the phospholipid

The free AA serves as the base for eicosanoids

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36
Q

PIP2

A

Phosphatidyl inositol bisphosphate
**phospholipid molecule

A structural unit for phospholipid bilayer

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37
Q

SAID

A

Steroid anti inflammatory drugs

*inhibits PLA2 so eicosanoids cannot be produced naturally from arachidonic acids

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38
Q

NSAID

A

Ask Lauren

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39
Q

21 hydroxylase

A

Protein/enzyme needed to alter cholesterol into aldosterone or cortisol steroids

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40
Q

CAS/AGS

A

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia/adrenogenitalia syndrome

Occurs when too much DHEA (main androgen) is produced. If 21 hydroxylase is not formed, all the bodies cholesterol will be used to creat DHEA rather than supplying the base to several steroids

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41
Q

pineal gland *main function

A

secretes melatonin (hormone secreted in the darkness) so a lack of sunshine increases melatonin production

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42
Q

SAD

A

seasonal affective disorder

insufficient exposure to sunlight–too much melatonin in the brain

43
Q

SAD treatment

A

phototherapy

44
Q

parathyroid gland

A

four tiny lobes, located on the back of the neck behind the thyroid gland, that regulate calcium levels in the body

45
Q

parathyroid hormone

A

increases calcium in the blood through reabsorption, absorption, and resorption

46
Q

thymus gland

A

secretes thymosin which helps in the maturation and differentiation of T-lymphocytes

47
Q

involution

A

the natural shrinking of the thymus gland **it is huge at age 7 and then it begins to shrink

48
Q

3 different types of receptors

A
  1. membrane bound receptors
  2. cytoplasmic receptors
  3. nuclear receptors
49
Q

where are each of the 3 different types of receptors found in the target cell?

A
  1. membrane bound= part of phospholipid bilayer
  2. cytoplasmic=within cytoplasm so the ligand must be a lipophilic hormone
  3. nuclear=on DNA so the ligand must be lipophilic to penetrate the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope
50
Q

2 types of Membrane-Bound Receptors

A
  1. G-Protein Coupled Receptors “GPCR”

2. Tyrosine Kinase Receptor

51
Q

2 types of GPCRs

A
  1. Gq–> activates adenylate cyclase

2. Gs–> activates phospholipase C

52
Q

3 examples of Gq (Ligands that bind to the Gq receptors) & where receptors are found

A
  1. TRH; thyrotropes
  2. Epinephrine= Alpha Adrenergic Receptor; smooth muscle cells surrounding the peripheral blood vessels
  3. Vasopressin Type 1 Receptor “V1R”; smooth muscle cells around arterioles of kidneys
53
Q

The story of Gq receptors in 3 steps

A
  1. Hormone binds to its receptor which activates the gq, which then activates the enzyme phospholipase C (PLC). PLC transforms PIP2 into DAG and IP3.
  2. DAG stays in the plasma membrane and activates a group of enzymes called PKC (protein kinase C). PKC phosphorylates many enzymes which will either activate or inactivate those enzymes to carry out the functions of the body
  3. IP3 binds to lingand gated Ca++ channels which are found in the ER and plasma membrane allowing Ca++ to enter the cytoplasm. **intracellular Ca++ concentration increases activity for many enzymatic rxns
54
Q

DAG

A

diacylglycerol

55
Q

IP3

A

inositol triphosphate

56
Q

ER

A

endoplasmic reticulum

57
Q

The story of Gs receptors

A

the binding of ligand to receptor activates AC which cleaves ATP into PPi and CAMP

58
Q

PPi

A

pyrophosphate

59
Q

CAMP

A

Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate: universal second messenger which activates PKA, which in turn activates many enzymatic reactions

60
Q

3 examples of Gs receptors

A
  1. Thyroid follicular cells for TSH
  2. Beta Adrenergic Receptor; smooth muscle cells around coronary artery
  3. Vasopressin Type 2 Receptor V2R; on plasma membrane of cells of collecting duct of kidney nephron
61
Q

coronary arteries function

A

supply the heart tissue

62
Q

hypertension

A

high blood pressure

63
Q

drugs used therapeutically to treat hypertension

A

alpha and beta blockers

64
Q

how do adrenergic receptors cause vasodialation?

A

when ligands bind to adrenergic receptors, the smooth muscle cells around the coronary artery relax. Dilation of the artery widens the artery diameter allowing more blood to pass through at one time and the heart rate/blood pressure to increase

65
Q

how much filtrate passes through a kidney nephron per day?

A

~180 liters, but you only urinate about 2 liters of that

66
Q

what is special about a tyrosine kinase receptor?

A

many tyrosine molecules are found in the intracellular domain of the receptor (past the plasma membrane)

67
Q

Insulin Receptor “story”

A

the binding of insulin to its receptor triggers the auto-phosphorylation of tyrosine units, leading to the activation of many enzymatic reactions

68
Q

what/where do enzymatic reactions take place in reaction to the phosphorylation of tyrosine of insulin receptors **2 reactions

A
  1. hepatocytes: glucose is used to make glycogen which decreased the glucose level in the blood
  2. skeletal muscle cells, glucose is used for energy production during aerobic cellular respiration
69
Q

general formula of cellular respiration

A

glucose + oxygen –> CO2 + H2O with the extra production of 38 ATP

70
Q

what is the function of oxygen in aerobic cellular respiration?

A

to act as the final electron receptor as electron exit the electron transport chain in the mitochondrial membrane and create the proton motive force for ATP synthase and the production of several (36-38) ATP

71
Q

cytoplasmic receptors

A

generally receptors for steroid hormones that are found in the cytoplasm of cells and initial signal transduction

72
Q

why do steroid hormones use cytoplasmic receptors?

A

steroids are lipophilic/hydrophobic so they can easily penetrate, or pass through the phospholipid bilayer

73
Q

why do steroids build muscles?

A

steroids bind to DNA elements to initiate transcription and gene expression so the more steroids, the more proteins being translated from DNA into proteins.

74
Q

Nuclear Receptors

A

receptors found directly on DNA in the nucleus of a cell leading to gene expression and stimulated metabolism

75
Q

best example of nuclear receptors

A

receptors for T3 and T4 in all body cells

76
Q

steps of T3 and T4 synthesis catalyzed by TPO

A
  1. oxidation of Iodide into Iodine
  2. organification for tyrosine into MIT and DIT
  3. Coupling= ligating MIT and DIT or DIT and DIT
77
Q

TPO

A

thyroid peroxidase enzyme

78
Q

Tg

A

thyroglobulin: large protein, contains 123 tyrosine units

79
Q

How does T3 and T4 get into the blood stream

A 
*by endocytosis 
Tg molecules (loaded with T3 and T4) is taken into the follicular cell enclosed in an endosome, forms endolysosome, and then exit the follicular cell via basolateral membrane and reach the circulation. there, the T3 and T4 bind to TBG (thyroxine binding globulin; a protein transporter in the blood plasma)
80
Q

endolysosome

A

fusion of endosome (containing T3/T4 filled thyroglobulin) and lysosome (cellular organelle containing hydrolytic enzymes)

81
Q

basolateral vs. apical

A

basolateral is the outer membrane of the follicle and apical faces the lumen

82
Q

what cells are target cells for T3 and T4?

A

all body cells

83
Q

deionization

A

this happens to T4 in the cytoplasm of the target cell and converts the T4 into T3 which penetrates the nuclear envelope and binds to its nuclear receptor already bound to DNA

84
Q

2 main elements of blood

A

plasma and cellular element

85
Q

5 main components of plasma

A
  1. water
  2. proteins
  3. nitrogenous waste products
  4. dissolved gasses
  5. Nutrients
86
Q

Dissolved gasses of plasma

A

oxygen, carbon dioxide, and some nitrogen

87
Q

Nutrients of plasma

A

glucose, amino acids, fats

88
Q

3 types of proteins in plasma

A
  1. albumin
  2. globulin
  3. fibrinogen
89
Q

albumin

A

idk

90
Q

globulin

A

alpha
beta
delta

91
Q

fibrinogen

A

blood blotting factor #1, synthesized hepatocytes

92
Q

what are the cellular elements of the blood?

A

red and white blood cells and thrombocytes (platelets)

93
Q

all blood cells originate from…

A

hemopoietic stem cells found in red blood marrow

94
Q

formation of erythrocytes from erythroblasts is termed:

A

erythropoiesis

95
Q

Thrombopoietin

A

stimulates the maturation of megakaryocytes and are released in response to oxygen levels in the kidneys.

96
Q

structure and function of RBC

A

biconcave shape= increased surface area for oxygen transportation
flexible plasma membrane=ability to get through capillaries
lacks nucleus= saves room for hemoglobin
lacks mitochondria=so RBC transport but not consume oxygen

97
Q

another name for white blood cells

A

myeloblasts, specifically granulocytes

98
Q

3 granulocytes

A

neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils

99
Q

neutrophil

A
  • granulated cytoplasm, multi-lobed nucleus (4)
  • most abundant of white blood cells (first to arrive at site of infection), attack bacteria and engulf through phagocytosis, produce the “killing zone”made of hydrogen peroxide, hypochloride (active ingredient in chlorox/any bleach superoxides (superchlorite))
100
Q

basophil

A
  • highly granulated, hidden nucleus
  • secrete histamine initiating the allergic response and heparin: the natural blood thinner; resist formation of blood clotting
101
Q

eosinophil

A

-highly granulated bilobed nucleus
-have fighting parasitic work infections tapeworms: beef vs. pork
-round worms infection “nematoda”
-pinworm infection
ALSO secretes histaminase–> breaks down histamine and terminates allergic response

102
Q

cardiocyte

A

cardo muscle cells of heart epinephrine increases blood pressure and increases heart rate

103
Q

epinephrine

A

adrenaline

Anatomy 2210 (8 decks)

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