Assessment 1 Flashcards
1
Q
ADH/AVH
A
antidiuretic hormone or argenine vassoprissin hormone:
helps with water retention
2
Q
OT
A
oxytocin:
love hormone, important for labor and milk ejection
3
Q
TRH
A
Thyroid Releasing Hormone
released by hypothalamus into the hypothalmo-hypophyseal portal. it reaches the anterior pituitary where it reaches the target cells, thyrotropes, and the thyrotropes release TSH
4
Q
GHRH
A
Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone
5
Q
SS
A
Somatostatin:
pancreatic signal molecule released by the delta endocrine cells of the islets of langerhan of the pancreas. it inhibits both glucagon and insulin via the alpha and beta endocrine cells of the islets of langerhan
6
Q
PIH
A
prolactin inhibiting hormone
7
Q
PRL
A
prolacting: protein that enables females to produce milk
8
Q
CRH
A
Corticotropin releasing hormone
9
Q
GnRH
A
Gonadotropin releasing hormone
10
Q
FSH
A
Follicle Stimulating Hormone
11
Q
LH
A
Luteinizing Hormone
12
Q
6 Hypothalmic Hormones Secreted by Parvocellular Neurons
A
- GHRH
- SS
- TRH
- PIH
- CRH
- GNH
13
Q
anterior pituitary target cell and product of GHRH
A
somatotropes
release of GH (growth hormone) which distributes to muscles, bones, adipose tissue, and liver**
liver released IGF (insulin-like growth factor)
14
Q
anterior pituitary target cell and product of SS
A
somatotropes
inhibition of GH (growth hormone)
15
Q
anterior pituitary target cell and product of TRH
A
thyrotropin
release of TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)
AND
lactotropin
inhibition of PRL
16
Q
anterior pituitary target cell and product of PIH
A
lactotropin
releases PRL which reaches the mammary glands
17
Q
CRH
A
corticotropes
release of ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) which reaches the adrenal cortex
18
Q
anterior pituitary target cell and product of GnRH
A
gonadotropes
FSH and LH
19
Q
DHEA
A
DeHydroEpiandrosteron
Sex hormone, main adrenal androgen
20
Q
zona glomerulosa
A
- secretes aldosterone: a mineral corticoid for NA and H2O retintion
- increases blood volume and pressure
21
Q
zona fasciculata and zona reticularis
A
- **reticularis is most deep
- secretes hormones like cortisol–> a glucocorticoid
- a stress hormone
22
Q
acromegaly
A
over secretion of growth hormone during adulthood
23
Q
giantism
A
over secretion of growth hormone during childhood
24
Q
Dwarfism
A
undersecretion of growth hormone during childhood
25
Goiter
enlargement of the thyroid gland
26
2 types of goiter
1. ) endemic: localized definciency in dietary iodine which builds T3 and T4
2. ) toxic: "graves disease" autoimmune disorde --> an antibody mimmicks the TSH but does not cause the negative feedback loop
27
6 chemical classifications of hormones
1. Steroid hormones
2. Biogenic amines
3. Peptide hormones
4. Protein hormones
5. Glycoproteins
6. Eicosanoids
28
Steroid hormones
Hormones that are biosynthesized out of cholesterol
29
Biogenic amines
Hormones that are biosynthesized out of amino acids
30
Best example of biogenic amines
MIT/DIT= monoiodotyrosine and diiodotyrosine
Both are based on tysoine with the addition of one or two iodine a connected to the benzene ring
**combinations of MIT and DIT make T3, and combinations of two DITs make T4
31
Peptide hormones
3 examples**
Peptide bonded molecules that act as hormones
Oxytocin-nonopeptide
Argentine vassopressin-nonopeptide
TRH-tripeptide
32
Protein hormones
*pancreatic examples
Proteins that act as hormones
Glucagon-secreted by alpha cells if islets if langerhan (endocrine cells)
Insulin- secreted by beta cells if islets if langerhan (endocrine cells
33
Eicosanoids
Hormones derived from arachidonic acid from no polar tail of lipid bilayer
Cause inflammation produced naturally
Act as either paracrine signal molecule and diffuse into other cells or as autochrine signal molecules
34
Arachidonic acid
A component of phospholipid bilayer
35
PLA2
Phospholipase.
an enzyme that breaks free arachidonic acid from the phospholipid
The free AA serves as the base for eicosanoids
36
PIP2
Phosphatidyl inositol bisphosphate
**phospholipid molecule
A structural unit for phospholipid bilayer
37
SAID
Steroid anti inflammatory drugs
| *inhibits PLA2 so eicosanoids cannot be produced naturally from arachidonic acids
38
NSAID
Ask Lauren
39
21 hydroxylase
Protein/enzyme needed to alter cholesterol into aldosterone or cortisol steroids
40
CAS/AGS
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia/adrenogenitalia syndrome
Occurs when too much DHEA (main androgen) is produced. If 21 hydroxylase is not formed, all the bodies cholesterol will be used to creat DHEA rather than supplying the base to several steroids
41
pineal gland *main function
secretes melatonin (hormone secreted in the darkness) so a lack of sunshine increases melatonin production
42
SAD
seasonal affective disorder
| insufficient exposure to sunlight--too much melatonin in the brain
43
SAD treatment
phototherapy
44
parathyroid gland
four tiny lobes, located on the back of the neck behind the thyroid gland, that regulate calcium levels in the body
45
parathyroid hormone
increases calcium in the blood through reabsorption, absorption, and resorption
46
thymus gland
secretes thymosin which helps in the maturation and differentiation of T-lymphocytes
47
involution
the natural shrinking of the thymus gland **it is huge at age 7 and then it begins to shrink
48
3 different types of receptors
1. membrane bound receptors
2. cytoplasmic receptors
3. nuclear receptors
49
where are each of the 3 different types of receptors found in the target cell?
1. membrane bound= part of phospholipid bilayer
2. cytoplasmic=within cytoplasm so the ligand must be a lipophilic hormone
3. nuclear=on DNA so the ligand must be lipophilic to penetrate the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope
50
2 types of Membrane-Bound Receptors
1. G-Protein Coupled Receptors "GPCR"
| 2. Tyrosine Kinase Receptor
51
2 types of GPCRs
1. Gq--> activates adenylate cyclase
| 2. Gs--> activates phospholipase C
52
3 examples of Gq (Ligands that bind to the Gq receptors) & where receptors are found
1. TRH; thyrotropes
2. Epinephrine= Alpha Adrenergic Receptor; smooth muscle cells surrounding the peripheral blood vessels
3. Vasopressin Type 1 Receptor "V1R"; smooth muscle cells around arterioles of kidneys
53
The story of Gq receptors in 3 steps
1. Hormone binds to its receptor which activates the gq, which then activates the enzyme phospholipase C (PLC). PLC transforms PIP2 into DAG and IP3.
2. DAG stays in the plasma membrane and activates a group of enzymes called PKC (protein kinase C). PKC phosphorylates many enzymes which will either activate or inactivate those enzymes to carry out the functions of the body
3. IP3 binds to lingand gated Ca++ channels which are found in the ER and plasma membrane allowing Ca++ to enter the cytoplasm. **intracellular Ca++ concentration increases activity for many enzymatic rxns
54
DAG
diacylglycerol
55
IP3
inositol triphosphate
56
ER
endoplasmic reticulum
57
The story of Gs receptors
the binding of ligand to receptor activates AC which cleaves ATP into PPi and CAMP
58
PPi
pyrophosphate
59
CAMP
Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate: universal second messenger which activates PKA, which in turn activates many enzymatic reactions
60
3 examples of Gs receptors
1. Thyroid follicular cells for TSH
2. Beta Adrenergic Receptor; smooth muscle cells around coronary artery
3. Vasopressin Type 2 Receptor V2R; on plasma membrane of cells of collecting duct of kidney nephron
61
coronary arteries function
supply the heart tissue
62
hypertension
high blood pressure
63
drugs used therapeutically to treat hypertension
alpha and beta blockers
64
how do adrenergic receptors cause vasodialation?
when ligands bind to adrenergic receptors, the smooth muscle cells around the coronary artery relax. Dilation of the artery widens the artery diameter allowing more blood to pass through at one time and the heart rate/blood pressure to increase
65
how much filtrate passes through a kidney nephron per day?
~180 liters, but you only urinate about 2 liters of that
66
what is special about a tyrosine kinase receptor?
many tyrosine molecules are found in the intracellular domain of the receptor (past the plasma membrane)
67
Insulin Receptor "story"
the binding of insulin to its receptor triggers the auto-phosphorylation of tyrosine units, leading to the activation of many enzymatic reactions
68
what/where do enzymatic reactions take place in reaction to the phosphorylation of tyrosine of insulin receptors **2 reactions
1. hepatocytes: glucose is used to make glycogen which decreased the glucose level in the blood
2. skeletal muscle cells, glucose is used for energy production during aerobic cellular respiration
69
general formula of cellular respiration
glucose + oxygen --> CO2 + H2O with the extra production of 38 ATP
70
what is the function of oxygen in aerobic cellular respiration?
to act as the final electron receptor as electron exit the electron transport chain in the mitochondrial membrane and create the proton motive force for ATP synthase and the production of several (36-38) ATP
71
cytoplasmic receptors
generally receptors for steroid hormones that are found in the cytoplasm of cells and initial signal transduction
72
why do steroid hormones use cytoplasmic receptors?
steroids are lipophilic/hydrophobic so they can easily penetrate, or pass through the phospholipid bilayer
73
why do steroids build muscles?
steroids bind to DNA elements to initiate transcription and gene expression so the more steroids, the more proteins being translated from DNA into proteins.
74
Nuclear Receptors
receptors found directly on DNA in the nucleus of a cell leading to gene expression and stimulated metabolism
75
best example of nuclear receptors
receptors for T3 and T4 in all body cells
76
steps of T3 and T4 synthesis catalyzed by TPO
1. oxidation of Iodide into Iodine
2. organification for tyrosine into MIT and DIT
3. Coupling= ligating MIT and DIT or DIT and DIT
77
TPO
thyroid peroxidase enzyme
78
Tg
thyroglobulin: large protein, contains 123 tyrosine units
79
How does T3 and T4 get into the blood stream
```
*by endocytosis
Tg molecules (loaded with T3 and T4) is taken into the follicular cell enclosed in an endosome, forms endolysosome, and then exit the follicular cell via basolateral membrane and reach the circulation. there, the T3 and T4 bind to TBG (thyroxine binding globulin; a protein transporter in the blood plasma)
```
80
endolysosome
fusion of endosome (containing T3/T4 filled thyroglobulin) and lysosome (cellular organelle containing hydrolytic enzymes)
81
basolateral vs. apical
basolateral is the outer membrane of the follicle and apical faces the lumen
82
what cells are target cells for T3 and T4?
all body cells
83
deionization
this happens to T4 in the cytoplasm of the target cell and converts the T4 into T3 which penetrates the nuclear envelope and binds to its nuclear receptor already bound to DNA
84
2 main elements of blood
plasma and cellular element
85
5 main components of plasma
1. water
2. proteins
3. nitrogenous waste products
4. dissolved gasses
5. Nutrients
86
Dissolved gasses of plasma
oxygen, carbon dioxide, and some nitrogen
87
Nutrients of plasma
glucose, amino acids, fats
88
3 types of proteins in plasma
1. albumin
2. globulin
3. fibrinogen
89
albumin
idk
90
globulin
alpha
beta
delta
91
fibrinogen
blood blotting factor #1, synthesized hepatocytes
92
what are the cellular elements of the blood?
red and white blood cells and thrombocytes (platelets)
93
all blood cells originate from...
hemopoietic stem cells found in red blood marrow
94
formation of erythrocytes from erythroblasts is termed:
erythropoiesis
95
Thrombopoietin
stimulates the maturation of megakaryocytes and are released in response to oxygen levels in the kidneys.
96
structure and function of RBC
biconcave shape= increased surface area for oxygen transportation
flexible plasma membrane=ability to get through capillaries
lacks nucleus= saves room for hemoglobin
lacks mitochondria=so RBC transport but not consume oxygen
97
another name for white blood cells
myeloblasts, specifically granulocytes
98
3 granulocytes
neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils
99
neutrophil
- granulated cytoplasm, multi-lobed nucleus (4)
- most abundant of white blood cells (first to arrive at site of infection), attack bacteria and engulf through phagocytosis, produce the "killing zone"made of hydrogen peroxide, hypochloride (active ingredient in chlorox/any bleach superoxides (superchlorite))
100
basophil
- highly granulated, hidden nucleus
- secrete histamine initiating the allergic response and heparin: the natural blood thinner; resist formation of blood clotting
101
eosinophil
-highly granulated bilobed nucleus
-have fighting parasitic work infections tapeworms: beef vs. pork
-round worms infection "nematoda"
-pinworm infection
ALSO secretes histaminase--> breaks down histamine and terminates allergic response
102
cardiocyte
cardo muscle cells of heart epinephrine increases blood pressure and increases heart rate
103
epinephrine
adrenaline
