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Anatomy 2210 > Assessment 5, part 4 > Flashcards

Assessment 5, part 4 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 types of lymphocytes in the immune system

A
  1. natural killer cells
  2. B lymphocytes
  3. T lymphocytes
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2
Q

what are the two types of T lymphocytes?

A
  1. Helper T lymphocytes

2. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes

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3
Q

what do natural killer cells do?

A

naturally produce granzymes and perforin. **they do not need to be activated

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4
Q

what do B lymphocytes do?

A

mature and differentiate into plasma cells that produce antibodies

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5
Q

what do helper t lymphocytes do?

A

release tropic hormones, cytokines, that generate immune responses when activated by the binding of a T-cell receptor (TCR) AND CD4 co-receptor to a foreign antigen

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6
Q

what do cyctotoxic t lymphocytes do?

A

release perforin and granzymes that kill other target cells when activated by the binding of a T-cell receptor (TCR) AND CD8 to an MHC-I carrying either a foreign or self antigen

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7
Q

what is perforin?

A

a protein released by Tc (cytokine) that drills holes in the plasma membrane of an enemy cell

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8
Q

what is a granzyme?

A

cytokine at enters a perforin hole and kills a cell from the inside out

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9
Q

What is MHC-I

A

major histocompatabliity complex I: a protein produced by all nucleated cells that binds to a peptide from an antigen

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10
Q

what is MHC-II

A

major histocompatability complex II: a protein produced by antigen presenting cells (APCs macrophages, B lymphocytes, and dendretic cells) that binds to peptides from an antigen

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11
Q

what are interleukins?

A

chemicals that communicate messages between white blood cells

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12
Q

what is IL-I?

A

interleukin 1: interleukin that activates Tc cells, aiding cell mediated immunity

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13
Q

what is cell mediated immunity?

A

Tc cells binding to pathogenic cells and killing them

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14
Q

what is IL-2?

A

interleukin 2: interleukin that activates B lymphocytes which proliferate and produce many clones and differentiated into PLASMA CELLS that produce antibodies, aiding anti-body mediated immunity

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15
Q

what is antibody mediated immunity?

A

antibodies “flag” the cells to be terminated

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16
Q

what is MHC-III

A

major histocompatibility III: compliment proteins (CP); two proteins that are produced by the liver and circulate in the blood plasma

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17
Q

what are the two types of compliment proteins?

A
  1. C3

2. C5

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18
Q

what are C3 proteins?

A

proteins that are activated as they are split into 2 smaller proteins, C3a and C3b

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19
Q

what do C3a proteins do?

A

initiate inflammation by binding to basophils and mast cells that produce histamine

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20
Q

what are the 3 functions of C3b cells?

A
  1. causes immune clearance
  2. opsonization
  3. splits C5 into C5a and C5b
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21
Q

what is immune clearance?

A

glues antigen/antibody complex to RBC that reach spleen and liver where macrophages remove the antigen/antibody complex; accelerated removal like a short cut to the exterminator

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22
Q

what is opsonization?

A

marking microbial cells (enemy cells) and setting them gor phagocytosis

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23
Q

what is the function of C5a proteins?

A

induces inflammation by binding to mast cells and basophils

**same as C3a

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24
Q

what is the function of C5b cells?

A

recruits C6, C7, and C8 cell making the C5b678 complex

25
Q

what does the C5b678 complex do?

A

it recruits a ring of C9 to make the MAC

26
Q

what is MAC

A

the membrane attack complex: a protein complex that will drill holes in the plasma membrane of enemy cells allowing water/fluid to diffuse into the cells and undergo cytolysis (cell collapse)

27
Q

what are the 9 steps of the replication cycle of HIV?

A
  1. binding of the HIV to CD4 protein of Th using gp120
  2. Fusion of viral enelope into the plasma membrane of the Th using gp41
  3. release of viral contents (integrase, protease, reverse transcriptase, 2 RNA stands) in the cytoplasm of the Th
  4. Reverse Transcriptase to transcribe the RNA into DNA
  5. integration of viral, double standed DNA into human DNA by integrase
  6. replication (transcription and translation) of viral DNA for production of viral RNA and viral proteins
  7. Protease cuts polypeptide chain into individual viral proteins
  8. assembly of HIV near plasma membrane of infected Th cell
  9. exit of new virus to infected Th
28
Q

what are the 3 functions of reverse transcriptase

A
  1. acts as TNA dependent DNA polymerase
  2. acts as a nuclease, degrading viral RNA
  3. acts as a DNA polymerase, transcribing from the cDNA
29
Q

what is an opportunistic pathogen?

A

a pathogen that takes advantage of suppressed immune systems

30
Q

what is candida albicans?

A

causative agent of yeast infections

31
Q

what is toxoplasma godii?

A

protozoa that infects cast as definitive hosts to produce sexual stage and use mouse as an intermediate host

32
Q

what is cryptosporidium parvum?

A

protozoa that causes diarrhea

33
Q

what is AIDS?

A

the final stage of an HIV infection wherein you may loose 17 liters of water stool per day causing death by dehydration

34
Q

what are 4 opportunistic pathogens?

A
  1. candida albicans
  2. toxoplasma godii
  3. cryptosporidium parvum
  4. HIV
35
Q

what is hydrocephalus?

A

the accumulation of cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) as a result of meningitis (inflamed meninges)

36
Q

why is HIV considered a retrovirus?

A

the virus inserts a DNA copy of viral RNA into its host to replicate

37
Q

How is Ebola (filovirus) replication cycle different from HIV?

A

filovirus cannot serve as mRNA and cannot be replicated by human enzymes. therefore, the virus must be replicated by a viral RNA dependent RNA polymerase

38
Q

What drugs are designed to interfere with the replication cycle of HIV?

A
  1. reverse transcriptase inhibitors
  2. protease inhibitors
  3. drugs designed to block binding of pg120 to CD4 receptor protein of TH
39
Q

What is HAART?

A

Highly Active-Anti-Retroviral Therapy: an approach using mixtures of drugs for their synergistic effect

40
Q

What are interferons?

A 
antiviral agents produced by infected cells and diffus to neighboring healthy cells and promote their production of antiviral agent
**a class of cytokines along with interleukins and monokines
41
Q

what is external respiration?

A

gas exchange at the alveoli site

42
Q

what is internal respiration?

A

gas exchange at the tissue site

43
Q

Pulmonary Arteries vs. Bronchial Arteries

A

pulmonary deliver deoxygenated blood to the lungs for external respiration, bronchial arteries deliver oxygenated blood to the specialized cells of the alveoli for internal respiration

44
Q

what are the 3 specialized cells of the alveoli?

A
  1. squamous alveolar cells that make the wall of the alveoli
  2. greater alveolar cells “cube-like cells” that secrete surfactant which prevents the alveoli from collapsing during exhalation
  3. alveolar macrophages=dust cells
45
Q

what is the Haldane effect?

A

the presence of oxygen lowers the hemoglobin’s affinity to bind to CO2

46
Q

what is the Bohr effect?

A

the presence of CO2 lowers hemoglobins affinity to bind to O2

47
Q

what does systemic mean?

A

internal

48
Q

what is CFTR?

A

cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator: pumps Cl, and Na and water follow the Cl pump keeping the mucous layer thin

49
Q

what is cystic fibrosis?

A

the disease resulting from debris build up in the stiff cilia

50
Q

what is hemoglobin considered an allosteric protein?

A

there are many binding sites

51
Q

what are the 4 main stages of aerobic cellular respiration?

A
  1. glycolysis
  2. intermediate step
  3. krebs cycle
  4. electron transport chain
52
Q

what are common urinary infections?

A

cystitis: inflammation of urinary bludder
pyletis: inflammation of ureter
pyelophritis: inflammation of renal cortex

53
Q

cortical vs. juxtamedullary nephron

A

juxtamedullary nephrons are mainly in the medulla of the kidney and cortical are more so in the cortex

54
Q

events at the glomerulosa

A

colloid osmotic pressure, capsular pressure and blood hydrostatic pressure
BHP works against colloid osmotic pressure and capsular pressure to give a net filtration pressure

55
Q

what is blood hydrostatic pressure?

A

60mmHg. favors filtration and filters blood into bowman’s capsule

56
Q

what is colloid osmotic pressure?

A

32mmHg. resists BHP because the albumin in the plasma acts as a solute making the arterioles the less concentrated area as opposed to the bowman’s capsule

57
Q

what is the Kf (Filtration coefficient)?

A

12.5 ml/min/mmHg

58
Q

how much blood is filtered per day?

A

180 L/day

Anatomy 2210 (8 decks)

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