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Anatomy 2210 > Assessment 3, Part 3 > Flashcards

Assessment 3, Part 3 Flashcards

1
Q

where does platelet production occur?

A

in the red bone marrow

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2
Q

what is THPO

A

thrombopoietin: protein that stimulates that growth and division of cells

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3
Q

what is hemostasis?

A

stoppage of bleeding

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4
Q

what are the 3 stages of hemostasis?

A
  1. vascular spasm
  2. plug formation
  3. blood clotting cascade/coagulation
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5
Q

What is the vascular Spasm stage of hemostasis?

A

a reflex initiated by local pain receptors leading to vasoconstriction of damaged blood vessels, reducing blood loss

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6
Q

what is the platelet plug formation stage of hemostasis?

A

platelets aggregate and adhere to each other and secrete PDGF ADP, and Thromboxane A2.
PDGF is platelet-derived growth factor, ADP is adenosine diphosphate and Thromboxane A2. ADP causes platelets to become sticky. Thromboxane A2 is an eicosanoid.

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7
Q

what is the coagulation stage of hemostasis?

A

the process of blood clotting that requires so many blood clotting factors that activate one another

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8
Q

what are most blood clotting factors secreted by?

A

LIVER

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9
Q

which blood clotting factors are not activated by the liver? what are they secreted by instead?

A

factor 3 “thoromboplastin”= perivascular tissue

factor 8 “fibren-stabilizing-factor”= platelets

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10
Q

what is hemophilia?

A

failure of blood to form clots

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11
Q

what is hemophilia A?

A

lack of blood clotting factor #8

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12
Q

what is hemophilia B?

A

lack of blood clotting factor #9

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13
Q

what is hemophilia C?

A

lack of factor #11

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14
Q

what is the epicardium of the heart?

A

the visceral pericardium; the layer of the serosa membrane that covers the heart

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15
Q

what is the myocardium of the heart?

A

the cardiac muscle cells “cardiocytes”

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16
Q

what is the endocardium?

A

simple squamous epithelial tissue “endothelium”

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17
Q

what is the visceral pericardium?

A

the inner layer of the serosa membrance

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18
Q

what is the parietal pericardium?

A

the outer layer of serosa membrane lining the pericardial cavity

19
Q

what is the paricardial cavity?

A

the space between the visceral and parietal pericardiums that is filled with serous fluid

20
Q

what is rheumatic heart disease?

A

antibodies against bacteria attack cells of the heart valves

21
Q

What is the sino artrial node?

A

a collection of specialized cardiocytes that spontaneously fire every 0.8 seconds

22
Q

How does the cardiac conduction system work?/how does the signal spread through the heart?

A

Sino Artial Node - Atrioventricular Node - Atrioventricular Bundle - Bundle Branches - Purkinjee Fibers

23
Q

What do the Purkinjee fibers do?

A

distribute excitation through ventricular myocardium

24
Q

what happens during ventricular filling?

A

once the AN valves open, 70ml of blood flows from atria to the ventricles to be added to 60ml of remaining blood from the former cycle

25
Q

what is the end diastolic volume?

A

the volume during relaxation=130ml

26
Q

what happens during volumetric ejection?

A

AV valve remains closed, semilunar valves open, bentricles contract and 70ml from each ventricle is ejected from each

27
Q

what is the end systolic volume?

A

the remaining 60ml of blood in the ventricles after ventricular ejection=60ml

28
Q

what happens during isovolumetric contraction?

A

AV valves close but semilunar valves are not open yet (130ml remains in the ventricles)

29
Q

what happens during isovolumetric relaxation?

A

semilunar valves close but AV valves are not open yet

30
Q

what is the most significant difference between the action potential of a cardiac muscle cell and a skeletal muscle cell?

A

cardiac muscle cells have a longer refractory time so they cannot be subject to tetany, whereas skeletal muscle cells are subject to tetany

31
Q

what is a refractory period?

A

a period during which no stimulus of any strength may initiate a new action potential

32
Q

what is the full name of NAD?

A

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

33
Q

what is the average heart rate?

A

75 beats/min

34
Q

what is the average stroke volume

A

70 ml/beat

35
Q

what is the average cardiac output?

A

heart rate x stroke volume=5.25 L/min

36
Q

what does a blood pressure of 120/80 mean?

A

the systolic pressure is 120 mmHg (the maximal pressure at the artery resulting from ventricular contraction) and the diastolic pressure is 80 (the minimal pressure measured during ventricular relaxation)

37
Q

what are the 4 examples of hormonal regulation of blood pressure? what are their sources?

A
  1. epinephrine –> adrenal medulla
  2. ADH/AVP –> magnocellular neurons in hypothalamux
  3. aldosterone –> zona glomerulosa of adrenal cortex
  4. ANP and BNP–> atrial cells
38
Q

how does epinephrine regulate blood pressure?

A

alpha and beta adrenergic receptors in the smooth muscle cells around the coronary arteries contract so that more blood can be pumped to the heart to increase the blood pressure

39
Q

how does ADH regulate blood pressure?

A

binding to V1R and V2R causes water retention which increases blood volume which increases blood pressure

40
Q

how does aldosterone regulate blood pressure?

A

aldosterone is a mineral corticoid so it retains sodium and water which increase the blood volume, increasing blood pressure by default

41
Q

how do ANP and BNP regulate blood pressure?

A

**antagonistic to aldosterone. excrete sodium and water which decreases blood volume and blood pressure

42
Q

what do kidneys release in response to lower than normal blood pressure?

A

renin! enzyme that breaks down angiotensin I

43
Q

what do the cube-like cells of the alveolus do?

A

secrete surfactant= keeps alveolus from collapsing

44
Q

what do macrophages in the alveolus do?

A

dust cells; phagocytosis of debris in lungs

Anatomy 2210 (8 decks)

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