Assessment 3, Part 1

Question 1

what is the endocrine signaling molecule?

Answer 1

hormones that travel through the blood stream to target cell

Question 2

describe a hormone’s affinity to bind to its receptor

Answer 2

high affinity to the receptor because there is a low concentration of hormones in the blood.
aka there aren’t many hormones so they need to be very naturally attracted to the receptors to carry out all processes

Question 3

what is a ligand

Answer 3

another name for any signal molecule (neurotransmitter or hormone)

Question 4

what is a pheromone

Answer 4

a molecule secreted outside the body and received by another individual of the same species. it alters the behavior/physiology of the individual receiving the hormone

Question 5

how is a hormone secreted?

Answer 5

by a endocrine gland (ductless)

Question 6

how is a pheromone secreted

Answer 6

by exocrine glands (always provided with a duct)

Question 7

what is a paracrine signal molecule?

Answer 7

a ligand received by an adjacent or nearby cell. there is no need for blood or circulation

Question 8

what are the two master glands of the endocrine system?

Answer 8

hypothalamus and pituitary gland

Question 9

what is a tropic hormone?

Answer 9

hormones that target other endocrine glands and regulate their hormonal secretion

Question 10

What are the paracrine signal molecules of the pancreas?

Answer 10

islets of langerhan delta cells: secretes pancreatic somatostatin

Question 11

Where are paracrine signals molecules in the pancreas found?

Answer 11

alpha cell: secretes glucagon; increases glucose level in the blood
beta cell: secretes insulin; decreases glucagon level in the blood
delta cells: regulates alpha and beta cells

Question 12

why is pancreatic somatostatin considered a tropic hormone?

Answer 12

it inhibits the production of glucagon and insulin through the alpha and beta cells in the islets of langerhan

Question 13

what are the two main types of hypothalamic neurons?

Answer 13

parvocellular neurons and magnocellularneurons

Question 14

what are the two examples of magnocellular neurons and what do they look like?

Answer 14

ADH/AVP and OT
they are nonopeptides but AVP has argenine in the either molecule’s position. they also have a disulfide bond between C1-C6 (formed from two cystine amino acids)

Question 15

what is the main function of AVP/ADH?

Answer 15

to retain water

Question 16

what are the main functions of oxytocin?

Answer 16

1. to induce labor with uterus contractions

2. milk ejection

Question 17

what is the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract?

Answer 17

the magnocellular axon connection that connects the posterior pituitary gland to the hypothalamus. it communicates the release of AVP or OT from signals in the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary

Question 18

what is the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system?

Answer 18

the capillary connection that connects a primary capillary bed in the hypothalamus to the secondary capillary bed in the anterior pituitary via portal veins. hormones circulating through the portal system are released by the parvocellular neurons into the primary capillary bed and reach target cells in the anterior pituitary from the secondary capillary system

Question 19

zona fasciculata

*check with lauren

Answer 19

secrete hormones like cortisol and other glucocorticoids

Question 20

what are glucocorticoids?

*ask lo

Answer 20

stress hormones that have glucose sparing effects

Question 21

zona reticularis

*check with lauren

Answer 21

secrete hormones like cortisol and other glucocorticoids

Question 22

zona glomerulosa

*ask lo

Answer 22

secretes aldosterone

Question 23

what is aldosterone?

*ask lo

Answer 23

a mineral corticoid that causes sodium and water retention

increases blood volume and therefore increases blood pressure

Question 24

adrenal medulla

Answer 24

secretes epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine

Question 25

DHEA

Answer 25

dehydroepiandrosterone: main adrenal androgen sex hormone

Question 26

what is acromegaly?

Answer 26

hormonal disorder caused by oversecretion of Growth Hormone during adulthood

Question 27

what is giantism?

Answer 27

hormonal disorder caused by oversecretion of growth hormone in childhood

Question 28

what is goiter?

Answer 28

hormonal disorder caused by the enlargement of the thyroid gland

Question 29

what are the two types of goiter disorders?

Answer 29

toxic and endemic

Question 30

what is toxic goiter?

Answer 30

"graves disease" autoimmune disorder | an antibody that mimics TSH, BUT does not cause a negative feedback loop so TRH and TSH never cease to be secreted

Question 31

what is endemic goiter?

Answer 31

"localized goiter" | caused by a deficiency in dietary iodine which builds T3 and T4

Question 32

what is SAID? | what does it do?

Answer 32

- steroid anti inflammatory drugs - inhibits the action of PLA2 which therefore stops the production of eicosanoids because phospholipids be broken down into arachidonic acids (the building blocks of eicosanoids)

Question 33

what is PIP2?

Answer 33

phosphatidyl inositol bisphosphate (phospholipid molecule) | it is a structural unit within the plasma membrane/phospholipid bilayer

Question 34

what is PLA2?

Answer 34

phospholipase A2 | an enzyme that frees arachidonic acid from PIP2

Question 35

why is arachidonic acid significant to the endocrine system

Answer 35

it serves as the precursor for eicosanoids, one of the 6 categories of hormones

Question 36

what is the function of an eicosanoid?

Answer 36

to cause inflammation produced naturally

Question 37

are eicosanoids paracrine or autocrine signal molecules?

Answer 37

either!

Question 38

what is an autocrine signal molecule?

Answer 38

a ligand wherein the producing cell and the target cell are the same cell

Question 39

NSAID | ** more details

Answer 39

non-steroid anti inflammatory drug

Question 40

cholesterol

Answer 40

precursor for all steroid hormones

Question 41

what is 21 hydroxylase?

Answer 41

the enzyme that transforms cholesterol into aldosterones and cortisols

Question 42

what is CAS/AGS?

Answer 42

congenital adrenal hyperplasia/adrenogenital syndrome

Question 43

what is the pineal gland?

Answer 43

an endocrine gland that secretes melatonin

Question 44

what is melatonin?

Answer 44

melatonin is the "hormone of darkness", it is secreted in the absence of sunshine

Question 45

what is SAD?

Answer 45

seasonal affective disorder: | insufficient exposure to sunlight makes you sad and sleepy

Question 46

what is the treatment for SAD?

Answer 46

phototherapy

Question 47

what is the parathyroid gland?

Answer 47

the parathyroid is made up of the four loves on the posterior side of the hypothalamus and secretes parathyroid hormone which increases the ca++ intake via reabsorption, absorption and resorption

Question 48

what is the thymus gland?

Answer 48

an endocrine gland that secretes thymosin

Question 49

what is thymosin?

Answer 49

a hormone that helps in maturation and differentiation of the T lymphocytes

Question 50

what is involution?

Answer 50

the natural shrinking of the thymus gland | *huge when you are 7 years old, and then it begins to shrink

Question 51

what are the 6 hormone classifications?

Answer 51

1. proteins 2. peptides 3. glycoproteins 4. biogenetic amines 5. steroids 6. eicosanoids

Question 52

what are steroid hormones?

Answer 52

any hormone that it biosynthesized from cholesterol

Question 53

what are biogenetic amines? example?

Answer 53

any hormones synthesized out of amino acids | MIT, DIT, T3, T4

Question 54

what are peptide hormones? example?

Answer 54

ligands that are simple polypeptides | OT, AVH, TRH

Question 55

what is a protein hormone? example?

Answer 55

any protein that acts as a ligand | glucagon and insulin

Question 56

what is a glycoprotein? example?

Answer 56

a mixture of a carbohydrate and a protein that acts as a ligand FSH, LH, TSH

Question 57

what is an eicosanoid? example?

Answer 57

any hormone derived from an Arachidonic Acid