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Anatomy 2210 > Assessment 3, Part 1 > Flashcards

Assessment 3, Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the endocrine signaling molecule?

A

hormones that travel through the blood stream to target cell

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2
Q

describe a hormone’s affinity to bind to its receptor

A

high affinity to the receptor because there is a low concentration of hormones in the blood.
aka there aren’t many hormones so they need to be very naturally attracted to the receptors to carry out all processes

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3
Q

what is a ligand

A

another name for any signal molecule (neurotransmitter or hormone)

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4
Q

what is a pheromone

A

a molecule secreted outside the body and received by another individual of the same species. it alters the behavior/physiology of the individual receiving the hormone

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5
Q

how is a hormone secreted?

A

by a endocrine gland (ductless)

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6
Q

how is a pheromone secreted

A

by exocrine glands (always provided with a duct)

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7
Q

what is a paracrine signal molecule?

A

a ligand received by an adjacent or nearby cell. there is no need for blood or circulation

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8
Q

what are the two master glands of the endocrine system?

A

hypothalamus and pituitary gland

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9
Q

what is a tropic hormone?

A

hormones that target other endocrine glands and regulate their hormonal secretion

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10
Q

What are the paracrine signal molecules of the pancreas?

A

islets of langerhan delta cells: secretes pancreatic somatostatin

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11
Q

Where are paracrine signals molecules in the pancreas found?

A

alpha cell: secretes glucagon; increases glucose level in the blood
beta cell: secretes insulin; decreases glucagon level in the blood
delta cells: regulates alpha and beta cells

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12
Q

why is pancreatic somatostatin considered a tropic hormone?

A

it inhibits the production of glucagon and insulin through the alpha and beta cells in the islets of langerhan

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13
Q

what are the two main types of hypothalamic neurons?

A

parvocellular neurons and magnocellularneurons

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14
Q

what are the two examples of magnocellular neurons and what do they look like?

A

ADH/AVP and OT
they are nonopeptides but AVP has argenine in the either molecule’s position. they also have a disulfide bond between C1-C6 (formed from two cystine amino acids)

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15
Q

what is the main function of AVP/ADH?

A

to retain water

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16
Q

what are the main functions of oxytocin?

A
  1. to induce labor with uterus contractions

2. milk ejection

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17
Q

what is the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract?

A

the magnocellular axon connection that connects the posterior pituitary gland to the hypothalamus. it communicates the release of AVP or OT from signals in the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary

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18
Q

what is the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system?

A

the capillary connection that connects a primary capillary bed in the hypothalamus to the secondary capillary bed in the anterior pituitary via portal veins. hormones circulating through the portal system are released by the parvocellular neurons into the primary capillary bed and reach target cells in the anterior pituitary from the secondary capillary system

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19
Q

zona fasciculata

*check with lauren

A

secrete hormones like cortisol and other glucocorticoids

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20
Q

what are glucocorticoids?

*ask lo

A

stress hormones that have glucose sparing effects

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21
Q

zona reticularis

*check with lauren

A

secrete hormones like cortisol and other glucocorticoids

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22
Q

zona glomerulosa

*ask lo

A

secretes aldosterone

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23
Q

what is aldosterone?

*ask lo

A

a mineral corticoid that causes sodium and water retention

increases blood volume and therefore increases blood pressure

24
Q

adrenal medulla

A

secretes epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine

25
Q

DHEA

A

dehydroepiandrosterone:
main adrenal androgen
sex hormone

26
Q

what is acromegaly?

A

hormonal disorder caused by oversecretion of Growth Hormone during adulthood

27
Q

what is giantism?

A

hormonal disorder caused by oversecretion of growth hormone in childhood

28
Q

what is goiter?

A

hormonal disorder caused by the enlargement of the thyroid gland

29
Q

what are the two types of goiter disorders?

A

toxic and endemic

30
Q

what is toxic goiter?

A

“graves disease” autoimmune disorder

an antibody that mimics TSH, BUT does not cause a negative feedback loop so TRH and TSH never cease to be secreted

31
Q

what is endemic goiter?

A

“localized goiter”

caused by a deficiency in dietary iodine which builds T3 and T4

32
Q

what is SAID?

what does it do?

A
  • steroid anti inflammatory drugs
  • inhibits the action of PLA2 which therefore stops the production of eicosanoids because phospholipids be broken down into arachidonic acids (the building blocks of eicosanoids)
33
Q

what is PIP2?

A

phosphatidyl inositol bisphosphate (phospholipid molecule)

it is a structural unit within the plasma membrane/phospholipid bilayer

34
Q

what is PLA2?

A

phospholipase A2

an enzyme that frees arachidonic acid from PIP2

35
Q

why is arachidonic acid significant to the endocrine system

A

it serves as the precursor for eicosanoids, one of the 6 categories of hormones

36
Q

what is the function of an eicosanoid?

A

to cause inflammation produced naturally

37
Q

are eicosanoids paracrine or autocrine signal molecules?

A

either!

38
Q

what is an autocrine signal molecule?

A

a ligand wherein the producing cell and the target cell are the same cell

39
Q

NSAID

** more details

A

non-steroid anti inflammatory drug

40
Q

cholesterol

A

precursor for all steroid hormones

41
Q

what is 21 hydroxylase?

A

the enzyme that transforms cholesterol into aldosterones and cortisols

42
Q

what is CAS/AGS?

A

congenital adrenal hyperplasia/adrenogenital syndrome

43
Q

what is the pineal gland?

A

an endocrine gland that secretes melatonin

44
Q

what is melatonin?

A

melatonin is the “hormone of darkness”, it is secreted in the absence of sunshine

45
Q

what is SAD?

A

seasonal affective disorder:

insufficient exposure to sunlight makes you sad and sleepy

46
Q

what is the treatment for SAD?

A

phototherapy

47
Q

what is the parathyroid gland?

A

the parathyroid is made up of the four loves on the posterior side of the hypothalamus and secretes parathyroid hormone which increases the ca++ intake via reabsorption, absorption and resorption

48
Q

what is the thymus gland?

A

an endocrine gland that secretes thymosin

49
Q

what is thymosin?

A

a hormone that helps in maturation and differentiation of the T lymphocytes

50
Q

what is involution?

A

the natural shrinking of the thymus gland

*huge when you are 7 years old, and then it begins to shrink

51
Q

what are the 6 hormone classifications?

A
  1. proteins
  2. peptides
  3. glycoproteins
  4. biogenetic amines
  5. steroids
  6. eicosanoids
52
Q

what are steroid hormones?

A

any hormone that it biosynthesized from cholesterol

53
Q

what are biogenetic amines? example?

A

any hormones synthesized out of amino acids

MIT, DIT, T3, T4

54
Q

what are peptide hormones? example?

A

ligands that are simple polypeptides

OT, AVH, TRH

55
Q

what is a protein hormone? example?

A

any protein that acts as a ligand

glucagon and insulin

56
Q

what is a glycoprotein? example?

A

a mixture of a carbohydrate and a protein that acts as a ligand
FSH, LH, TSH

57
Q

what is an eicosanoid? example?

A

any hormone derived from an Arachidonic Acid

Anatomy 2210 (8 decks)

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