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RHS Level 2 Unit 2 > Flower Adaptations - Topic 1 (Plant Science II), Element 4 > Flashcards

Flower Adaptations - Topic 1 (Plant Science II), Element 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What happens to a plant’s shoot meristems once it matures into its reproductive stage?

A

They begin to produce floral tissue rather than just leaves

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2
Q

How do perennials differ from annuals and biennials in terms of flowering?

A

Perennials flower every year once mature; annuals and biennials only flower once in their lives

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3
Q

What is an example of a perennial shrub that flowers each year?

A

Berberis darwinii (Darwin’s barberry)

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4
Q

What is an example of an annual species that flowers only once?

A

Papaver somniferum (opium poppy)

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5
Q

List some flower adaptations that enable effective pollination.

A
  • Flower arrangements
  • Timing of flowering
  • Petals (bright/reduced)
  • Scent
  • Nectar
  • Hermaphrodite
  • Monoecious
  • Dioecious
  • Quantity and characteristics of pollen
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6
Q

What are the advantages of flower adaptations for the plant?

A
  • Enhancing pollination
  • Linking pollen characteristics to vectors of pollination
  • Favouring cross-pollination
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7
Q

What are the outermost whorl parts of a flower called?

A

Sepals (collectively, the calyx)

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8
Q

What is the main function of petals in flowers?

A

To attract pollinators and are usually brightly coloured

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9
Q

Which whorl contains the female parts of the flower?

A

Gynoecium

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10
Q

Which whorl contains the male parts of the flower?

A

Androecium

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11
Q

What do the male parts of the flower consist of?

A

Stamens (made of anther and filament)

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12
Q

What do the female parts of the flower consist of?

A

Ovary (enclosing the ovules), style, and stigma

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13
Q

Define hermaphrodite in the context of flowers.

A

Flowers on a plant have both female and male parts

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14
Q

Define monoecious in the context of plants.

A

Female and male parts are in separate flowers; both flower types are on the same plant

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15
Q

Define dioecious in the context of plants.

A

Female and male parts are in separate flowers; each flower type is on a different plant

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16
Q

What percentage of plants have hermaphrodite flowers?

A

About 80%

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17
Q

What is an example of a hermaphrodite species?

A

Malus domestica (apple)

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18
Q

What is an example of a monoecious species?

A

Corylus avellana (hazel)

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19
Q

What is an example of a dioecious species?

A

Ilex aquifolium (holly)

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20
Q

What are inflorescences?

A

Flowers grouped into structures

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21
Q

What is the difference between axillary and terminal inflorescences?

A

Axillary inflorescences arise from the axil; terminal inflorescences sit at the tip of a growing branch

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22
Q

What are the characteristics of flowers adapted for wind pollination?

A
  • Pollen smooth and light
  • No nectar or scent
  • Reduced or absent floral parts
  • Hanging, feathery stigmas
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23
Q

What are the characteristics of flowers adapted for insect pollination?

A
  • Pollen spiny/textured
  • Bright petals
  • Produce nectar and scent
  • Large volume of pollen
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24
Q

How do plants attract insects?

A
  • Bright petals
  • Scents
  • Rewarding with nectar and pollen
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25
Q

What is the benefit of cross-pollination?

A

Increases genetic diversity and resilience in a species or population

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26
Q

What can lead to inbreeding problems in plants?

A

Self-pollination

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27
Q

What is protandry?

A

Male flower parts on a plant mature before the female flower parts

28
Q

What is protogyny?

A

Female flower parts on a plant mature before the male flower parts

29
Q

What is heterostyly?

A

Plants have more than one form of flower

30
Q

What are the three types of flower in rum salicaria?

A

Purple loosestrife has three types of flower.

Specific details about the types of flowers are not provided.

31
Q

What is the outermost whorl of a flower called?

A

Calyx

The calyx is made up of sepals.

32
Q

What is the function of petals in a flower?

A

To attract pollinators

Petals are usually brightly colored.

33
Q

What is the gynoecium?

A

The whorl that contains female parts

It includes the ovary, style, and stigma.

34
Q

What is the androecium?

A

The whorl that contains male parts

It consists of stamens, which are made of anther and filament.

35
Q

Define hermaphrodite in terms of flower structure.

A

Flowers on plant have both female and male parts

This allows for self-fertilization in some cases.

36
Q

Define monoecious in terms of flower structure.

A

Female and male parts are in separate flowers on the same plant

Examples include corn and zucchini.

37
Q

Define dioecious in terms of flower structure.

A

Female and male parts are in separate flowers on different plants

Examples include holly and kiwifruit.

38
Q

What are the two types of inflorescence?

A

Axillary and terminal

Axillary inflorescence occurs in the leaf axils while terminal occurs at the end of a stem.

39
Q

What is a cyme in terms of inflorescence?

A

Repeating pairs of flowers

It is a type of determinate inflorescence.

40
Q

What is an umbel in terms of inflorescence?

A

Umbrella-like, with flowers arising from a central point

Commonly seen in plants like carrots.

41
Q

What is a spike in terms of inflorescence?

A

Flowers coming off a central stem with no pedicels

Common in grasses.

42
Q

What is a panicle in terms of inflorescence?

A

A collection of racemes

It is a branched type of inflorescence.

43
Q

What is a corymb in terms of inflorescence?

A

A flat-topped flowerhead with pedicels of different lengths

This allows all flowers to be on the same plane.

44
Q

What is the texture of pollen from Cosmos bipinnatus?

A

Has a texture that helps it attach to the bodies and fur of insects

It is insect pollinated.

45
Q

What adaptations does Picea abies pollen have for wind pollination?

A

Smooth texture and twin air bladders

These adaptations help it catch the wind.

46
Q

True or False: Angraecum sesquipedale is adapted for bee pollination.

A

False

It is adapted for moth pollination.

47
Q

What key features indicate moth-pollinated flowers?

A

Pale color, scent, tubular shape

They are often open at night and angled to face hovering moths.

48
Q

What adaptations does Vicia faba have for bee pollination?

A

A landing platform, sturdy flowers, and white color

Bright patterns visible under UV light also guide bees.

49
Q

What is self-incompatibility in flowers?

A

Pollen from a plant cannot fertilize flowers in the same plant

This promotes genetic diversity.

50
Q

What is heterostyly?

A

Plants have more than one form of flower

It can help prevent self-pollination.

51
Q

What is protandry?

A

Male flower parts mature before female flower parts

It reduces self-pollination opportunities.

52
Q

What is protogyny?

A

Female flower parts mature before male flower parts

This also helps reduce self-pollination.

53
Q

What are flower adaptations?

A

Features that enhance reproductive success, including:
* Flower arrangements
* Timing of flowering
* Petals (bright/reduced)
* Scent
* Nectar
* Hermaphrodite
* Monoecious
* Dioecious
* Quantity and characteristics of pollen

Flower adaptations are crucial for horticulture and biodiversity.

54
Q

What horticultural uses do flower adaptations serve?

A

Uses include:
* Planting/design styles
* Supporting pollinators
* Enhancing biodiversity

Understanding these uses allows for better garden planning and ecological support.

55
Q

What is the significance of flowering times in edibles?

A

Knowing flowering times helps in:
* Planning harvests
* Timing for pollination
* Ensuring multiple plants for cross-pollination

Self-fertile cultivars can be advantageous in certain situations.

56
Q

What is a pictorial meadow?

A

A meadow designed to:
* Look attractive
* Support pollinators
* Feature brightly coloured, open-flowered species

Examples include species like Cosmos bipinnatus and Papaver rhoeas.

57
Q

What are some key features of seasonal displays in garden design?

A

Key features include:
* Coordinated flowering times
* Mass flowering for visual impact
* Long-term planning for flowering species

Examples include spring bulbs like Tulipa and summer bedding plants.

58
Q

What is the role of scents in plant selection?

A

Scents can be a reason to select plants for:
* Aesthetic appeal
* Seasonal interest
* Attracting pollinators

Plants like Hamamelis mollis and Daphne mezereum provide both beauty and fragrance.

59
Q

What is required for dioecious plants to produce berries?

A

Both female and male plants are needed because:
* Only female plants produce berries
* Male plants are necessary for pollination

Examples include Ilex and Skimmia.

60
Q

True or False: All flowers are accessible to pollinators.

A

True

However, some flowers are more accessible to a wider range of insects.

61
Q

What strategies do plants use to attract pollinators?

A

Plants may employ methods such as:
* Mimicking other species
* Offering rewards of nectar or pollen

Orchid mimicry is a notable example.

62
Q

What is the importance of providing food for pollinators year-round?

A

It ensures:
* Continuous food supply for adult insects
* Development of larvae
* Shelter for overwintering insects

Plants like Phacelia tanacetifolia help extend the flowering season.

63
Q

What is the relationship between pollinators and biodiversity?

A

Pollinators contribute to biodiversity by:
* Supporting wild plant reproduction
* Serving as prey for other animals
* Providing habitat and shelter

The overlap between supporting pollinators and overall biodiversity is significant.

64
Q

Fill in the blank: A plant that cannot self-pollinate is considered _______.

A

[self-incompatible]

Horticulturists must ensure planting partners for pollination.

65
Q

What types of insects are primarily responsible for pollination in the UK?

A

Primarily:
* Bees (honeybees, bumblebees)
* Wasps
* Flies
* Moths
* Butterflies
* Beetles

These insects play crucial roles in pollinating garden plants and crops.

RHS Level 2 Unit 2 (22 decks)

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