Economy - Topic 3 (Horticulture and Society), Element 3 Flashcards
1
Q
A
2
Q
What is the definition of horticultural ‘economy’?
A
The material contribution made to the larger economy through various horticultural activities and labours.
3
Q
What are the key horticultural activities contributing to the UK economy?
A
- Garden tourism
- Garden maintenance and landscaping
- Plant production
- Retail
- Food production
- Arboriculture
4
Q
What is assessed in AO2 regarding ornamental horticulture?
A
The scale and value of ornamental horticulture to the UK economy, including:
* Garden tourism
* Garden maintenance and landscaping
* Retail
* Ornamental plant production
5
Q
What additional values of horticulture are highlighted in AO3?
A
- Social inclusion
- Increased biodiversity
- Reduced crime
- Improved health and wellbeing
6
Q
How is an economy defined?
A
A complex system of consumption, production, and exchange between groups and individuals.
7
Q
What does economic contribution usually refer to?
A
Financial transactions between individuals and groups that reflect the value of goods and services.
8
Q
What specific sectors dominate the UK economy?
A
- Service sector
- Retail
- Financial services
- Hospitality
9
Q
What measurements are included when discussing horticulture’s economic contribution?
A
- Tax paid to the National exchequer
- Jobs created by economic activities
- Induced and indirect benefits
- Retail/wholesale sales
- Value of land and real estate
10
Q
What was the economic contribution of the Ornamental Horticultural and Landscape sector in the UK for 2019?
A
£28.8 billion, including all direct, indirect, and induced spending related to the sector.
11
Q
What was the direct contribution of the horticulture sector in 2019?
A
£13.8 billion.
12
Q
What is the estimated potential future contribution of the horticulture sector by 2030?
A
£42 billion in the most positive scenario.
13
Q
What are direct benefits in economic terms?
A
Benefits attributable directly to the activity involved.
14
Q
What are indirect benefits?
A
Benefits that take place down the supply chain, related to purchases by other agents.
15
Q
What are induced benefits?
A
Benefits that occur in unrelated activities but wouldn’t happen without the initial activity.
16
Q
Sort the following into direct, indirect, and induced benefits: Employees of a landscaping company buying lunches at a nearby shop.
A
Induced benefit.
17
Q
Sort the following into direct, indirect, and induced benefits: A landscaping company buying sand and cement from a contractor.
A
Indirect benefit.
18
Q
Sort the following into direct, indirect, and induced benefits: A homeowner paying a gardener for their weekly services.
A
Direct benefit.
19
Q
What is landscaping?
A
Landscaping is the sub-sector of horticulture that builds and maintains landscapes, grounds, gardens, and parks.
20
Q
What was the direct economic contribution of the Ornamental Horticulture and Landscaping sector to the UK economy in 2019?
A
£13.8 billion
21
Q
How much did landscaping contribute to the Ornamental Horticulture and Landscaping sector in 2019?
A
£7.7 billion
22
Q
What percentage of the Ornamental Horticulture and Landscaping sector’s total contribution does landscaping represent?
A
Slightly more than half
23
Q
How many people were employed in the landscaping sector in 2019?
A
Almost 240,000 people
24
Q
What percentage of horticultural employment does landscaping account for in 2019?
A
57%
25
What is the average salary in the landscaping sector?
£26,078
26
What are the common salary ranges for landscaping jobs?
£25k-30k or £30k-£40k
27
What is a supply chain?
The journey that raw materials, goods, and services take before they arrive at the customer.
28
What was the estimated spending in the ornamental horticulture and landscaping supply chain in 2017?
£4.8 billion
29
What are some assumptions made about the future of landscaping?
* Supply of skills will match demand
* Sufficient investment in skills and training
* Demographic forces will increase demand for horticultural skills
* Successful delivery of government-led policy initiatives
30
What demographic factors are contributing to increased demand for horticultural skills?
* Ageing population
* Desire for more interaction with nature
* Changes in behavior post COVID-19
* Increased demand for green walls and roofs in urban gardens
31
What UK government commitments are expected to boost the landscaping sub-sector?
* Increase in tree planting
* HS2 infrastructure project
32
What is the potential impact of the HS2 project being scaled back on the landscaping sector?
It may affect future employment rates and the sector's economic contribution.
33
True or False: Landscaping jobs are less numerous compared to those in the retail sector.
False
34
Fill in the blank: In 2019, landscaping employed _____% of the horticultural workforce.
57%
35
What is the foundational sector of horticulture?
Plant production
## Footnote
Plant production involves the creation of plants through propagation.
36
What are some areas of specialization in the ornamental plant production sector?
* Cut flower suppliers
* Bulb suppliers
* Tree specialists
* Seed suppliers
* Houseplant specialists
* Bedding plant specialists
* Specialist herb growers
* Turf suppliers
* Various plant specialists from Astrantias to Zinnias
## Footnote
Specialist herb growers producing large scale are considered agriculture, not ornamental horticulture.
37
What was the economic value of the ornamental plant production sector in 2019?
£882 million
## Footnote
The total figure including indirect and induced contributions was £1,647 million.
38
What percentage of the overall industry contribution does plant production represent?
4-5%
## Footnote
This is in comparison to the overall figure for ornamental horticulture.
39
How many people were directly employed in the plant production sector in 2019?
17,798
## Footnote
This represents 4.23% of the industry total.
40
What are the projected employment figures for the plant production sector in 2030 under the lower case scenario?
15,575
## Footnote
This is a decrease from the 2019 figures.
41
Name the three largest ornamental plant nurseries by turnover in 2024.
* Flamingo Flowers, £325m
* Greosn, £197m
* Ball Colegrave, £45m
## Footnote
These companies showcase a trend of consolidation in the sector.
42
What is the predicted contraction value for ornamental horticulture production in the lowest case scenario by 2030?
£837 million
## Footnote
This is a decrease from the 2019 value.
43
True or False: The ornamental plant production sector is expected to see a significant increase in value in the highest case scenario by 2030.
True
## Footnote
The highest case scenario projects a value of £1.282 billion.
44
What is a significant challenge facing the ornamental plant production sector post-Brexit?
Reliance on imported plants
## Footnote
This has become more difficult and costly due to biosecurity concerns.
45
What percentage of supervisory roles remained unfilled in the plant production sector in 2019?
10%
## Footnote
This indicates a skills shortage within the industry.
46
Fill in the blank: Food production of significant scale and value is defined as ______.
[agriculture]
## Footnote
Food production falls beyond the scope of economic benefits discussed in horticulture.
47
What are some community assets that can provide economic benefits?
* Allotments
* Community gardens
* Community kitchens
## Footnote
These assets contribute to community cohesion and health benefits.
48
What is the foundational sector of horticulture?
Plant production
## Footnote
Plant production involves the creation of plants through propagation.
49
What are some areas of specialization in the ornamental plant production sector?
* Cut flower suppliers
* Bulb suppliers
* Tree specialists
* Seed suppliers
* Houseplant specialists
* Bedding plant specialists
* Specialist herb growers
* Turf suppliers
* Various plant specialists from Astrantias to Zinnias
## Footnote
Specialist herb growers producing large scale are considered agriculture, not ornamental horticulture.
50
What was the economic value of the ornamental plant production sector in 2019?
£882 million
## Footnote
The total figure including indirect and induced contributions was £1,647 million.
51
What percentage of the overall industry contribution does plant production represent?
4-5%
## Footnote
This is in comparison to the overall figure for ornamental horticulture.
52
How many people were directly employed in the plant production sector in 2019?
17,798
## Footnote
This represents 4.23% of the industry total.
53
What are the projected employment figures for the plant production sector in 2030 under the lower case scenario?
15,575
## Footnote
This is a decrease from the 2019 figures.
54
Name the three largest ornamental plant nurseries by turnover in 2024.
* Flamingo Flowers, £325m
* Greosn, £197m
* Ball Colegrave, £45m
## Footnote
These companies showcase a trend of consolidation in the sector.
55
What is the predicted contraction value for ornamental horticulture production in the lowest case scenario by 2030?
£837 million
## Footnote
This is a decrease from the 2019 value.
56
True or False: The ornamental plant production sector is expected to see a significant increase in value in the highest case scenario by 2030.
True
## Footnote
The highest case scenario projects a value of £1.282 billion.
57
What is a significant challenge facing the ornamental plant production sector post-Brexit?
Reliance on imported plants
## Footnote
This has become more difficult and costly due to biosecurity concerns.
58
What percentage of supervisory roles remained unfilled in the plant production sector in 2019?
10%
## Footnote
This indicates a skills shortage within the industry.
59
Fill in the blank: Food production of significant scale and value is defined as ______.
[agriculture]
## Footnote
Food production falls beyond the scope of economic benefits discussed in horticulture.
60
What are some community assets that can provide economic benefits?
* Allotments
* Community gardens
* Community kitchens
## Footnote
These assets contribute to community cohesion and health benefits.
61
What has driven the interest in horticulture retailing during the COVID pandemic?
An upturn in interest in horticulture stimulated demand across the sector
## Footnote
This increased interest has led to more people discovering the joy of gardening.
62
What percentage of retail purchases were online in 2018?
10%
## Footnote
This figure is expected to have increased since then.
63
In 2020, what proportion of adults said they engage in gardening during their spare time?
More than half
## Footnote
This indicates a significant interest in gardening among the adult population.
64
What was the direct contribution of the Ornamental Horticulture and Landscaping sector to the UK economy in 2019?
£13.8 billion
## Footnote
Of this total, retail contributed £2.2 billion.
65
What are some of the top categories of household spending on horticultural goods in 2017?
* Cut flowers
* Garden plants and trees
* Garden furniture
* Sheds
* Lawnmowers
* Compost
* Seeds and bulbs
* BBQs
## Footnote
The spending amounts reflect consumer priorities in horticulture.
66
Which region had the highest household spending on horticultural goods in 2017?
South East (£1,440,000)
## Footnote
This region's spending significantly exceeded other regions.
67
How many people were employed in the horticultural retail sector in 2019?
Almost 87,000
## Footnote
This number increased to 116,151 when indirect and induced jobs are included.
68
What is the most common salary range in the horticultural retail sector?
£30k-£40k
## Footnote
Only a tiny minority of jobs pay under £20,000 per annum.
69
What is the projected direct contribution of the horticultural retail sector to the UK economy in 2030 in the lower case scenario?
£2.35 billion
## Footnote
This is an increase from £2.16 billion in 2019.
70
What are the employment predictions for the horticultural retail sector in the highest case scenario for 2030?
97,368 jobs
## Footnote
This reflects modest growth from the 2019 figure of 86,850 jobs.
71
True or False: Retail activity in horticulture tends to be displaced more than other subsectors.
False
## Footnote
Retail activity tends not to be displaced as much as other subsectors.
72
What is arboriculture?
The cultivation and management of trees and woody plants
## Footnote
Arboriculture includes activities such as planting shade trees, windbreaks, erosion prevention, water management, pollution mitigation, and combating climate change.
73
Which activities are excluded from arboriculture?
Logging, timber production for manufacturing or fuel, forestry activities linked to mycology
## Footnote
Arboriculture focuses on the management of trees and does not include commercial timber harvesting.
74
List some activities included in arboriculture.
* Forest management
* Parks and street trees
* Inventory and evaluation work
* Pest control
* Woodland creation
* Conservation
## Footnote
These activities contribute to the overall management and health of green spaces.
75
What was the direct economic contribution of arboriculture to the UK economy in 2019?
£590 million
## Footnote
This figure increases to £2.14 billion when considering indirect and induced contributions.
76
How many arborist jobs were there in the UK as of 2019?
18,529 jobs
## Footnote
This number increases to 43,419 when considering indirect and induced jobs.
77
What is the salary range for advertised jobs in the arboriculture sector?
£20k to £60k per annum
## Footnote
None of the 74 advertised jobs during the period were below £20k or above £60k.
78
What is the projected direct economic contribution of arboriculture in 2030 under the higher case scenario?
£954 million
## Footnote
The projections for 2030 indicate growth in the sector's economic contribution.
79
What are the projected employment numbers in arboriculture by 2030 under the higher case scenario?
19,796 jobs
## Footnote
The average scenario predicts an increase to 19,381 jobs, while the lower case scenario predicts a decrease to 17,126 jobs.
80
True or False: The arboriculture sector's contribution to the economy is expected to decrease by 2030.
False
## Footnote
All projections indicate growth in economic contribution.
81
Fill in the blank: The total contribution of arboriculture, including indirect and induced effects, is projected to be _______ under the higher case scenario by 2030.
£3.44 billion
## Footnote
This figure reflects the broader economic impact of the arboriculture sector.
82
What factors are linked to the future of arboriculture?
* Supply of skills
* Level of investment in skills
* Demographic fluctuations
* Housing market patterns
* Government policy initiatives
* Global economic climate
## Footnote
These factors will influence how the arboriculture sector develops through 2030.
83
What is the total potential GDP footprint of the UK's ornamental horticulture and landscaping industries in 2030?
£41.8 billion
## Footnote
This figure is compared to £28.8 billion in 2019.
84
How many jobs is the ornamental horticulture and landscaping industry projected to contribute in 2030?
763,400 jobs
## Footnote
This is an increase from 674,200 jobs in 2019.
85
What was the tax revenue attributable to the ornamental horticulture and landscaping industry in 2019?
£6.3 billion
## Footnote
Projected to increase to £8.7 billion by 2030.
86
True or False: The positive economic figures for horticulture are guaranteed regardless of external factors.
False
## Footnote
These figures depend on certain favourable scenarios being met.
87
What percentage of supervisory roles in the horticulture sector remain unfilled?
10%
## Footnote
Additionally, 14% of skilled roles and 11% of professional/technical roles remain unfilled.
88
What is one of the main concerns regarding the labor force in the horticulture sector?
Lack of skilled applicants
## Footnote
There is significant concern about filling professional and supervisory roles.
89
Fill in the blank: Investment in new technologies including _______ is required to improve productivity in horticulture.
automation
90
What was the reported increase in individuals engaging in social activity in green spaces compared to sparsely vegetated areas?
83%
## Footnote
This was reported by a Sheffield council study.
91
What financial impact did poor mental health have on the UK economy in 2024?
£110 billion
## Footnote
This figure indicates the economic loss due to poor mental health.
92
How much has been saved from reduced NHS costs due to the UK's trees and green spaces?
£1.3 billion
## Footnote
This saving is attributed to carbon sequestration and air quality improvements.
93
What is the correlation between urban sprawl and mental health?
Increased stress levels and mental health degradation
## Footnote
40% of GP visits were for mental health issues in 2018.
94
What effect does well-managed green space have on local crime rates?
2% reduction in crime
## Footnote
This results in cost savings of £361 million per year.
95
What are some benefits of automation in the horticulture sector?
Improved productivity, service quality, output, and reduced costs
## Footnote
For example, a machine can stick 3500 cuttings an hour, faster than skilled workers.
96
True or False: Automation in horticulture is expected to eliminate all intermediate level skilled jobs.
False
## Footnote
While there are concerns, managed growth can mitigate job loss.
97
What are ecosystem services?
Benefits provided by ecosystems and the natural environment
## Footnote
Examples include filtering water, reducing flooding, and providing food.
98
What is one societal benefit of green spaces related to health?
Promoting human health and happiness
## Footnote
Evidence shows better wellbeing when spending time in gardens.
99
What are the implications of climate change on horticulture by 2024?
Increased pests and diseases
## Footnote
Collaborative efforts are needed for innovative solutions.
