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RHS Level 2 Unit 2 > Economy - Topic 3 (Horticulture and Society), Element 3 > Flashcards

Economy - Topic 3 (Horticulture and Society), Element 3 Flashcards

1
Q
A
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2
Q

What is the definition of horticultural ‘economy’?

A

The material contribution made to the larger economy through various horticultural activities and labours.

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3
Q

What are the key horticultural activities contributing to the UK economy?

A
  • Garden tourism
  • Garden maintenance and landscaping
  • Plant production
  • Retail
  • Food production
  • Arboriculture
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4
Q

What is assessed in AO2 regarding ornamental horticulture?

A

The scale and value of ornamental horticulture to the UK economy, including:
* Garden tourism
* Garden maintenance and landscaping
* Retail
* Ornamental plant production

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5
Q

What additional values of horticulture are highlighted in AO3?

A
  • Social inclusion
  • Increased biodiversity
  • Reduced crime
  • Improved health and wellbeing
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6
Q

How is an economy defined?

A

A complex system of consumption, production, and exchange between groups and individuals.

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7
Q

What does economic contribution usually refer to?

A

Financial transactions between individuals and groups that reflect the value of goods and services.

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8
Q

What specific sectors dominate the UK economy?

A
  • Service sector
  • Retail
  • Financial services
  • Hospitality
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9
Q

What measurements are included when discussing horticulture’s economic contribution?

A
  • Tax paid to the National exchequer
  • Jobs created by economic activities
  • Induced and indirect benefits
  • Retail/wholesale sales
  • Value of land and real estate
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10
Q

What was the economic contribution of the Ornamental Horticultural and Landscape sector in the UK for 2019?

A

£28.8 billion, including all direct, indirect, and induced spending related to the sector.

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11
Q

What was the direct contribution of the horticulture sector in 2019?

A

£13.8 billion.

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12
Q

What is the estimated potential future contribution of the horticulture sector by 2030?

A

£42 billion in the most positive scenario.

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13
Q

What are direct benefits in economic terms?

A

Benefits attributable directly to the activity involved.

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14
Q

What are indirect benefits?

A

Benefits that take place down the supply chain, related to purchases by other agents.

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15
Q

What are induced benefits?

A

Benefits that occur in unrelated activities but wouldn’t happen without the initial activity.

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16
Q

Sort the following into direct, indirect, and induced benefits: Employees of a landscaping company buying lunches at a nearby shop.

A

Induced benefit.

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17
Q

Sort the following into direct, indirect, and induced benefits: A landscaping company buying sand and cement from a contractor.

A

Indirect benefit.

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18
Q

Sort the following into direct, indirect, and induced benefits: A homeowner paying a gardener for their weekly services.

A

Direct benefit.

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19
Q

What is landscaping?

A

Landscaping is the sub-sector of horticulture that builds and maintains landscapes, grounds, gardens, and parks.

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20
Q

What was the direct economic contribution of the Ornamental Horticulture and Landscaping sector to the UK economy in 2019?

A

£13.8 billion

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21
Q

How much did landscaping contribute to the Ornamental Horticulture and Landscaping sector in 2019?

A

£7.7 billion

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22
Q

What percentage of the Ornamental Horticulture and Landscaping sector’s total contribution does landscaping represent?

A

Slightly more than half

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23
Q

How many people were employed in the landscaping sector in 2019?

A

Almost 240,000 people

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24
Q

What percentage of horticultural employment does landscaping account for in 2019?

A

57%

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25
Q

What is the average salary in the landscaping sector?

A

£26,078

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26
Q

What are the common salary ranges for landscaping jobs?

A

£25k-30k or £30k-£40k

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27
Q

What is a supply chain?

A

The journey that raw materials, goods, and services take before they arrive at the customer.

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28
Q

What was the estimated spending in the ornamental horticulture and landscaping supply chain in 2017?

A

£4.8 billion

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29
Q

What are some assumptions made about the future of landscaping?

A
  • Supply of skills will match demand
  • Sufficient investment in skills and training
  • Demographic forces will increase demand for horticultural skills
  • Successful delivery of government-led policy initiatives
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30
Q

What demographic factors are contributing to increased demand for horticultural skills?

A
  • Ageing population
  • Desire for more interaction with nature
  • Changes in behavior post COVID-19
  • Increased demand for green walls and roofs in urban gardens
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31
Q

What UK government commitments are expected to boost the landscaping sub-sector?

A
  • Increase in tree planting
  • HS2 infrastructure project
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32
Q

What is the potential impact of the HS2 project being scaled back on the landscaping sector?

A

It may affect future employment rates and the sector’s economic contribution.

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33
Q

True or False: Landscaping jobs are less numerous compared to those in the retail sector.

A

False

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34
Q

Fill in the blank: In 2019, landscaping employed _____% of the horticultural workforce.

A

57%

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35
Q

What is the foundational sector of horticulture?

A

Plant production

Plant production involves the creation of plants through propagation.

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36
Q

What are some areas of specialization in the ornamental plant production sector?

A
  • Cut flower suppliers
  • Bulb suppliers
  • Tree specialists
  • Seed suppliers
  • Houseplant specialists
  • Bedding plant specialists
  • Specialist herb growers
  • Turf suppliers
  • Various plant specialists from Astrantias to Zinnias

Specialist herb growers producing large scale are considered agriculture, not ornamental horticulture.

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37
Q

What was the economic value of the ornamental plant production sector in 2019?

A

£882 million

The total figure including indirect and induced contributions was £1,647 million.

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38
Q

What percentage of the overall industry contribution does plant production represent?

A

4-5%

This is in comparison to the overall figure for ornamental horticulture.

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39
Q

How many people were directly employed in the plant production sector in 2019?

A

17,798

This represents 4.23% of the industry total.

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40
Q

What are the projected employment figures for the plant production sector in 2030 under the lower case scenario?

A

15,575

This is a decrease from the 2019 figures.

41
Q

Name the three largest ornamental plant nurseries by turnover in 2024.

A
  • Flamingo Flowers, £325m
  • Greosn, £197m
  • Ball Colegrave, £45m

These companies showcase a trend of consolidation in the sector.

42
Q

What is the predicted contraction value for ornamental horticulture production in the lowest case scenario by 2030?

A

£837 million

This is a decrease from the 2019 value.

43
Q

True or False: The ornamental plant production sector is expected to see a significant increase in value in the highest case scenario by 2030.

A

True

The highest case scenario projects a value of £1.282 billion.

44
Q

What is a significant challenge facing the ornamental plant production sector post-Brexit?

A

Reliance on imported plants

This has become more difficult and costly due to biosecurity concerns.

45
Q

What percentage of supervisory roles remained unfilled in the plant production sector in 2019?

A

10%

This indicates a skills shortage within the industry.

46
Q

Fill in the blank: Food production of significant scale and value is defined as ______.

A

[agriculture]

Food production falls beyond the scope of economic benefits discussed in horticulture.

47
Q

What are some community assets that can provide economic benefits?

A
  • Allotments
  • Community gardens
  • Community kitchens

These assets contribute to community cohesion and health benefits.

48
Q

What is the foundational sector of horticulture?

A

Plant production

Plant production involves the creation of plants through propagation.

49
Q

What are some areas of specialization in the ornamental plant production sector?

A
  • Cut flower suppliers
  • Bulb suppliers
  • Tree specialists
  • Seed suppliers
  • Houseplant specialists
  • Bedding plant specialists
  • Specialist herb growers
  • Turf suppliers
  • Various plant specialists from Astrantias to Zinnias

Specialist herb growers producing large scale are considered agriculture, not ornamental horticulture.

50
Q

What was the economic value of the ornamental plant production sector in 2019?

A

£882 million

The total figure including indirect and induced contributions was £1,647 million.

51
Q

What percentage of the overall industry contribution does plant production represent?

A

4-5%

This is in comparison to the overall figure for ornamental horticulture.

52
Q

How many people were directly employed in the plant production sector in 2019?

A

17,798

This represents 4.23% of the industry total.

53
Q

What are the projected employment figures for the plant production sector in 2030 under the lower case scenario?

A

15,575

This is a decrease from the 2019 figures.

54
Q

Name the three largest ornamental plant nurseries by turnover in 2024.

A
  • Flamingo Flowers, £325m
  • Greosn, £197m
  • Ball Colegrave, £45m

These companies showcase a trend of consolidation in the sector.

55
Q

What is the predicted contraction value for ornamental horticulture production in the lowest case scenario by 2030?

A

£837 million

This is a decrease from the 2019 value.

56
Q

True or False: The ornamental plant production sector is expected to see a significant increase in value in the highest case scenario by 2030.

A

True

The highest case scenario projects a value of £1.282 billion.

57
Q

What is a significant challenge facing the ornamental plant production sector post-Brexit?

A

Reliance on imported plants

This has become more difficult and costly due to biosecurity concerns.

58
Q

What percentage of supervisory roles remained unfilled in the plant production sector in 2019?

A

10%

This indicates a skills shortage within the industry.

59
Q

Fill in the blank: Food production of significant scale and value is defined as ______.

A

[agriculture]

Food production falls beyond the scope of economic benefits discussed in horticulture.

60
Q

What are some community assets that can provide economic benefits?

A
  • Allotments
  • Community gardens
  • Community kitchens

These assets contribute to community cohesion and health benefits.

61
Q

What has driven the interest in horticulture retailing during the COVID pandemic?

A

An upturn in interest in horticulture stimulated demand across the sector

This increased interest has led to more people discovering the joy of gardening.

62
Q

What percentage of retail purchases were online in 2018?

A

10%

This figure is expected to have increased since then.

63
Q

In 2020, what proportion of adults said they engage in gardening during their spare time?

A

More than half

This indicates a significant interest in gardening among the adult population.

64
Q

What was the direct contribution of the Ornamental Horticulture and Landscaping sector to the UK economy in 2019?

A

£13.8 billion

Of this total, retail contributed £2.2 billion.

65
Q

What are some of the top categories of household spending on horticultural goods in 2017?

A
  • Cut flowers
  • Garden plants and trees
  • Garden furniture
  • Sheds
  • Lawnmowers
  • Compost
  • Seeds and bulbs
  • BBQs

The spending amounts reflect consumer priorities in horticulture.

66
Q

Which region had the highest household spending on horticultural goods in 2017?

A

South East (£1,440,000)

This region’s spending significantly exceeded other regions.

67
Q

How many people were employed in the horticultural retail sector in 2019?

A

Almost 87,000

This number increased to 116,151 when indirect and induced jobs are included.

68
Q

What is the most common salary range in the horticultural retail sector?

A

£30k-£40k

Only a tiny minority of jobs pay under £20,000 per annum.

69
Q

What is the projected direct contribution of the horticultural retail sector to the UK economy in 2030 in the lower case scenario?

A

£2.35 billion

This is an increase from £2.16 billion in 2019.

70
Q

What are the employment predictions for the horticultural retail sector in the highest case scenario for 2030?

A

97,368 jobs

This reflects modest growth from the 2019 figure of 86,850 jobs.

71
Q

True or False: Retail activity in horticulture tends to be displaced more than other subsectors.

A

False

Retail activity tends not to be displaced as much as other subsectors.

72
Q

What is arboriculture?

A

The cultivation and management of trees and woody plants

Arboriculture includes activities such as planting shade trees, windbreaks, erosion prevention, water management, pollution mitigation, and combating climate change.

73
Q

Which activities are excluded from arboriculture?

A

Logging, timber production for manufacturing or fuel, forestry activities linked to mycology

Arboriculture focuses on the management of trees and does not include commercial timber harvesting.

74
Q

List some activities included in arboriculture.

A
  • Forest management
  • Parks and street trees
  • Inventory and evaluation work
  • Pest control
  • Woodland creation
  • Conservation

These activities contribute to the overall management and health of green spaces.

75
Q

What was the direct economic contribution of arboriculture to the UK economy in 2019?

A

£590 million

This figure increases to £2.14 billion when considering indirect and induced contributions.

76
Q

How many arborist jobs were there in the UK as of 2019?

A

18,529 jobs

This number increases to 43,419 when considering indirect and induced jobs.

77
Q

What is the salary range for advertised jobs in the arboriculture sector?

A

£20k to £60k per annum

None of the 74 advertised jobs during the period were below £20k or above £60k.

78
Q

What is the projected direct economic contribution of arboriculture in 2030 under the higher case scenario?

A

£954 million

The projections for 2030 indicate growth in the sector’s economic contribution.

79
Q

What are the projected employment numbers in arboriculture by 2030 under the higher case scenario?

A

19,796 jobs

The average scenario predicts an increase to 19,381 jobs, while the lower case scenario predicts a decrease to 17,126 jobs.

80
Q

True or False: The arboriculture sector’s contribution to the economy is expected to decrease by 2030.

A

False

All projections indicate growth in economic contribution.

81
Q

Fill in the blank: The total contribution of arboriculture, including indirect and induced effects, is projected to be _______ under the higher case scenario by 2030.

A

£3.44 billion

This figure reflects the broader economic impact of the arboriculture sector.

82
Q

What factors are linked to the future of arboriculture?

A
  • Supply of skills
  • Level of investment in skills
  • Demographic fluctuations
  • Housing market patterns
  • Government policy initiatives
  • Global economic climate

These factors will influence how the arboriculture sector develops through 2030.

83
Q

What is the total potential GDP footprint of the UK’s ornamental horticulture and landscaping industries in 2030?

A

£41.8 billion

This figure is compared to £28.8 billion in 2019.

84
Q

How many jobs is the ornamental horticulture and landscaping industry projected to contribute in 2030?

A

763,400 jobs

This is an increase from 674,200 jobs in 2019.

85
Q

What was the tax revenue attributable to the ornamental horticulture and landscaping industry in 2019?

A

£6.3 billion

Projected to increase to £8.7 billion by 2030.

86
Q

True or False: The positive economic figures for horticulture are guaranteed regardless of external factors.

A

False

These figures depend on certain favourable scenarios being met.

87
Q

What percentage of supervisory roles in the horticulture sector remain unfilled?

A

10%

Additionally, 14% of skilled roles and 11% of professional/technical roles remain unfilled.

88
Q

What is one of the main concerns regarding the labor force in the horticulture sector?

A

Lack of skilled applicants

There is significant concern about filling professional and supervisory roles.

89
Q

Fill in the blank: Investment in new technologies including _______ is required to improve productivity in horticulture.

A

automation

90
Q

What was the reported increase in individuals engaging in social activity in green spaces compared to sparsely vegetated areas?

A

83%

This was reported by a Sheffield council study.

91
Q

What financial impact did poor mental health have on the UK economy in 2024?

A

£110 billion

This figure indicates the economic loss due to poor mental health.

92
Q

How much has been saved from reduced NHS costs due to the UK’s trees and green spaces?

A

£1.3 billion

This saving is attributed to carbon sequestration and air quality improvements.

93
Q

What is the correlation between urban sprawl and mental health?

A

Increased stress levels and mental health degradation

40% of GP visits were for mental health issues in 2018.

94
Q

What effect does well-managed green space have on local crime rates?

A

2% reduction in crime

This results in cost savings of £361 million per year.

95
Q

What are some benefits of automation in the horticulture sector?

A

Improved productivity, service quality, output, and reduced costs

For example, a machine can stick 3500 cuttings an hour, faster than skilled workers.

96
Q

True or False: Automation in horticulture is expected to eliminate all intermediate level skilled jobs.

A

False

While there are concerns, managed growth can mitigate job loss.

97
Q

What are ecosystem services?

A

Benefits provided by ecosystems and the natural environment

Examples include filtering water, reducing flooding, and providing food.

98
Q

What is one societal benefit of green spaces related to health?

A

Promoting human health and happiness

Evidence shows better wellbeing when spending time in gardens.

99
Q

What are the implications of climate change on horticulture by 2024?

A

Increased pests and diseases

Collaborative efforts are needed for innovative solutions.

RHS Level 2 Unit 2 (22 decks)

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