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LA Sx Exam 1 > Flexural Limb Deformities > Flashcards

Flexural Limb Deformities Flashcards

1
Q

How are FLDs named?

A

Named for the joint involved, not the tendon inovlved

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2
Q

FLDs affect what tissue?

A

Soft tissues

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3
Q

What joints are primarily affected by congenital FLDs 0-1mo of age?

A

Carpus, metacarpophalangeal region

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4
Q

What joints are primarily affected by FLDs acquired at 1-6 mo of age?

A

Metacarpphalangeal region, prox interphalangeal region

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5
Q

What joints are most commonly affected by congenital FLD?

A

MCP and carpi

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6
Q

What age do congenital FLDs present?

A

1st month of age

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7
Q

What causes congenital FLDs?

A

In-utero malpositioning, disease of mare during pregnancy

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8
Q

What diseases of the mare during pregnancy can cause FLDs?

A

Goiters, sudan grass ingestion, influenza

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9
Q

What are congenital FLDs?

A

Digital hyperextension, ruptured CDET

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10
Q

Caused by flaccidity of flexor muscles

A

Digital hyperextension

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11
Q

What is the most common congenital FLD?

A

Digital hyperextension

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12
Q

Attempting to bear weight but unable to keep toes on the ground

A

Digital hyperextension

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13
Q

What are sequential risks assoc w/digital hyperextension?

A

Skin/heel bulb ulceration

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14
Q

How do you treat digital hyperextension?

A

Light bandage

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15
Q

What is contraindicated for treating digital hyperextension?

A

Splints and thick bandages

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16
Q

Why are splints and thick bandages contraindicated for digital hyperflexion?

A

Relaxes soft tissue by taking weight/work off of them

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17
Q

How do you treat digital hyperextension?

A

Controlled exercise, NSAIDs, Oxytetracycline

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18
Q

How can farriery help treat digital hyperextension?

A

Palmar/plantar hoof extensions

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19
Q

Swelling @ dorsal fetlock is associated w/which congenital FLD?

A

Ruptured CDE

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20
Q

How will a congenital FLD stand?

A

Wt-bearing w/o full carpal extension or cannot bear weight at all

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21
Q

How do you treat the side effects of chronic NSAID use?

A

Omeprazole

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22
Q

Why do you need to dilute the oxytetracycline to 3g/00mL saline?

A

Nephrotoxic in hypovolemic animals

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23
Q

When should oxytetracycline be administered to help treat FLDs?

A

1-2x in the first 2-4wk of life

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24
Q

Inhibits contraction of collagen matrix and decreases MMP1 expression

A

Oxytetracycline

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25
Q

Prevents myofibroblasts from remodeling the collagen matrix of the affected tendon

A

Oxytetracycline

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26
Q

When splinting/casting an FLD, which joints should be incorporated and which should not?

A

NO NORMAL JOINTS in the splint

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27
Q

How can farriery protect toe from extensive wear assoc. w/FLDs?

A

Toe extension

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28
Q

Other than toe protection, how does a toe extension help correct FLDs?

A

Stress applied on DDFT to stretch it

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29
Q

When surgery is required, it is most commonly performed on which joint?

A

Carpus

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30
Q

What ligaments do you transect to correct a congenital carpal FLD?

A

FCU and ulnaris lateralis

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31
Q

Knuckling over fetlocks; can be enough that the foal stands on dorsal aspect of pastern

A

Ruptured CDET

32
Q

Swelling over dorsal aspect of carpus

A

Ruptured CDET

33
Q

Is there a surgical remedy for a ruptured CDET?

A

No

34
Q

How do you manage a ruptured CDET?

A

Stall confinement and splint to avoid stumbling

35
Q

Which joints to acquired FLDs most often affect>

A

MCP and DIP joints

36
Q

What is the pathogenesis of acquired FLDs?

A

Mismatch in bone and tendon/lig growth

37
Q

At what age do acquired FLDs present?

A

Between 1-4 mo and then @ yearling age

38
Q

What are factors that predispose to acquired FLDs?

A

Pain (most commonly) and nutrition

39
Q

How does excessive energy intake result in FLDs?

A

Rapid growth causes growth mismatch

40
Q

Most cells in the DDFT and ALDDFT are _____

A

Myofibroblasts

41
Q

How does pain cause an FLD?

A

Lack of use –> lack of elongation

42
Q

When are you most likely to see and FLD at the DIP?

A

Between 1-4 months of age

43
Q

Is DIP FLD usually unilateral or bilateral?

A

Bilateral

44
Q

What is the main clinical sign of a DIP FLD?

A

Boxy hoof

45
Q

What are components of boxy hoof?

A

Increased vertical dorsal hoof wall angle, overgrown heels

46
Q

What does boxy hoof predispose to?

A

Subsolar abscesses

47
Q

How does a functional shortening of the DDFT unit cause DIP FLD?

A

Excessive tension on P3 rotates it palmarly

48
Q

Dorsal hoof wall angle >60* but <90*

A

Stage 1

49
Q

Dorsal hoof wall >90* but <115*

A

Stage 2

50
Q

Dorsal hoof wall >115*

A

Stage 3

51
Q

Dorsal hoof wall doesn’t cross the vertical plane

A

Stage 1

52
Q

What non-surgical ways can you manage acquired FLD?

A

Controlled exercise, NSAIDs, casts/splints

53
Q

What farriery techniques can you use to manage acquired FLD?

A

Toe extension

54
Q

What surgical procedure can you do for a stage 1 DIP FLD?

A

ICLD

55
Q

What surgical procedure can you do for a stage 2 DIP FLD?

A

ICLD or DDFT if ICLD doesn’t work

56
Q

What surgical procedure can you do for a stage 3 DIP FLD?

A

DDFT

57
Q

Which DIP FLD sx procedure preserves athletic career?

A

ICLD

58
Q

What ligament do you cut for an ALDDFT desmotomy (ICLD)?

A

Inferior check ligament

59
Q

What is the success rate of an ICLD for horses <1 year old? >1 year old?

A 
<1 = 90% success
>1 = 80% success
60
Q

Which breed does not recover well from ICLD if more than 8 months old? What is the success rate in this breed?

A

Standardbred 60% success if >8mo old

61
Q

What is the easier location to perform a DDFT tenotomy on a horse?

A

Mid-metacarpus

62
Q

Which DDFT tenotomy approach accesses the DFTS?

A

Mid-pastern

63
Q

When do FLDs at MCP/MTP usually present?

A

Between 6-18 mo old

64
Q

Is an FLD in the MCP or MTP more common?

A

MCP

65
Q

What causes FLD in the MCP/MTP?

A

Prolonged non-weight bearing (short SDFT)

66
Q

What are clinical signs of MCP/MTP FLD?

A

Upright pastern, knuckling over at fetlock

67
Q

MCP joint more straight but still <180*

A

Mild

68
Q

MCP joint at 180* but corrected when horse walks

A

Moderate

69
Q

MCP joint >180* and does not correct when horse walks

A

Severe

70
Q

Taut extensor tendons that are prominent enough to be seen on the dorsal aspect of the foot indicate what disease?

A

MCP/MTP FLD

71
Q

How do you treat MCP/MTP FLD non-surgically?

A

Controlled exercise, splints

72
Q

How do you “exercise” and MCP/MTP FLD horse?

A

“Hopping” - lift contralateral limb and lead horse to walk

73
Q

What farriery techniques can you use to treat MCP/MTP FLD?

A

Raise heels w/wedge pads, toe extension

74
Q

What surgeries can you do to manage MCP/MTP FLD?

A

ALDDFT or ALSDFT desmotomy (or both)

75
Q

Which surgical technique is used for more severe MCP/MTP FLD?

A

ALSDFT desmotomy

76
Q

Superior check lig desmotomy that lengtherns the SDF unit and extends the fetlock

A

ALSDFT desmotomy

LA Sx Exam 1 (17 decks)

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